Wind energy penetration impact on grid frequency during normal operation and frequency deviations

The fluctuating nature of output from wind farms in relation to wind speed conditions at each wind turbine causes a severe burden on conventional generators, and such wind power variations have a considerable impact on grid frequency and voltage stability. In addition, such fluctuations in output create economic problems, as most of system operators apply financial penalties on wind farms owners when generation levels deviate from forecasted schedules by certain ratios. This thesis focuses on the negative impacts of moderate and high levels of wind power contribution to grid generation capacities on the frequency response. Particularly, integrated wind farms replace certain ratios from conventional generation capacity. Retired conventional capacity is decided according to estimated annual energy production of installed wind farms.