Water quality hazard assessment for hand dug wells in Rafin Zurfi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

A.H. Jagaba; S.R.M. Kutty; G. Hayder; L. Baloo; S. Abubakar; A.A.S. Ghaleb; I.M. Lawal; A. Noor; I. Umaru; N.M.Y. Almahbashi

doi:10.1016/j.asej.2020.02.004

Water quality hazard assessment for hand dug wells in Rafin Zurfi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

A.H. Jagaba, S.R.M. Kutty, G. Hayder^*, L. Baloo, S. Abubakar, A.A.S. Ghaleb, I.M. Lawal, A. Noor, I. Umaru, N.M.Y. Almahbashi

^*Corresponding author for this work

Civil And Environmental Engineering

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Abstract

The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control recently reported an outbreak of yellow fever in Bauchi state. To strategize mitigation measures, an investigation into water sources became necessary. This study adopted Water Quality Index (WQI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) approaches to evaluate water quality from hand-dug wells within Rafin Zurfi area, Bauchi State. The specific objectives were; sample characterization, statistical analysis by SPSS, and determination of health risk analysis by WQI. Water from Hand-dug wells were examined using standard methods of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Experimental results proved that pH values of samples are adequate according to NSDWQ, while samples E and L exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Turbidity, Total hardness, TSS, EC, BOD, Ca, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, Cu and Zn measurements were all within permissible limits. The analytical results were taken in to Geographic Information Systems environment (GIS) to generate numerical spatial variation maps for parameters examined and show the health risk associated to heavy metals. HI values for adults and children were found to be 4.365119 × 10⁻³ and 5.180528 × 10⁻³, respectively. Therefore, the study concludes that, there is no significant danger of metal toxicity from the sample wells (since HI < 1).

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	983-999
Number of pages	17
Journal	Ain Shams Engineering Journal
Volume	11
Issue number	4
Early online date	19 Mar 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.02.004
Publication status	Published - 31 Dec 2020

Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the staff and management of the Department of Civil Engineering, A.T.B.U. Bauchi, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia on their technical and financial advice, supervision, monitoring, support and encouragements. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Education of Malaysia for the financial support under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) with reference number FRGS/1/2019/TK01/UNITEN/02/5 (20190105FRGS).

Keywords

geographic information systemsenvironment (GIS)
hand-dug wells
hazard index
heavy metals
Rafin Zurfi area
water quality index

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10.1016/j.asej.2020.02.004Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Jagaba-etal-ASEJ-2020-Water-quality-hazard-assessment-for-hand-dug-wells-Rafin-ZurfiFinal published version, 2.72 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

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title = "Water quality hazard assessment for hand dug wells in Rafin Zurfi, Bauchi State, Nigeria",

abstract = "The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control recently reported an outbreak of yellow fever in Bauchi state. To strategize mitigation measures, an investigation into water sources became necessary. This study adopted Water Quality Index (WQI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) approaches to evaluate water quality from hand-dug wells within Rafin Zurfi area, Bauchi State. The specific objectives were; sample characterization, statistical analysis by SPSS, and determination of health risk analysis by WQI. Water from Hand-dug wells were examined using standard methods of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Experimental results proved that pH values of samples are adequate according to NSDWQ, while samples E and L exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Turbidity, Total hardness, TSS, EC, BOD, Ca, SO42−, Cl−, Cu and Zn measurements were all within permissible limits. The analytical results were taken in to Geographic Information Systems environment (GIS) to generate numerical spatial variation maps for parameters examined and show the health risk associated to heavy metals. HI values for adults and children were found to be 4.365119 × 10−3 and 5.180528 × 10−3, respectively. Therefore, the study concludes that, there is no significant danger of metal toxicity from the sample wells (since HI < 1).",

keywords = "geographic information systemsenvironment (GIS), hand-dug wells, hazard index, heavy metals, Rafin Zurfi area, water quality index",

author = "A.H. Jagaba and S.R.M. Kutty and G. Hayder and L. Baloo and S. Abubakar and A.A.S. Ghaleb and I.M. Lawal and A. Noor and I. Umaru and N.M.Y. Almahbashi",

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AU - Jagaba, A.H.

AU - Kutty, S.R.M.

AU - Hayder, G.

AU - Baloo, L.

AU - Abubakar, S.

AU - Ghaleb, A.A.S.

AU - Lawal, I.M.

AU - Noor, A.

AU - Umaru, I.

AU - Almahbashi, N.M.Y.

PY - 2020/12/31

Y1 - 2020/12/31

N2 - The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control recently reported an outbreak of yellow fever in Bauchi state. To strategize mitigation measures, an investigation into water sources became necessary. This study adopted Water Quality Index (WQI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) approaches to evaluate water quality from hand-dug wells within Rafin Zurfi area, Bauchi State. The specific objectives were; sample characterization, statistical analysis by SPSS, and determination of health risk analysis by WQI. Water from Hand-dug wells were examined using standard methods of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Experimental results proved that pH values of samples are adequate according to NSDWQ, while samples E and L exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Turbidity, Total hardness, TSS, EC, BOD, Ca, SO42−, Cl−, Cu and Zn measurements were all within permissible limits. The analytical results were taken in to Geographic Information Systems environment (GIS) to generate numerical spatial variation maps for parameters examined and show the health risk associated to heavy metals. HI values for adults and children were found to be 4.365119 × 10−3 and 5.180528 × 10−3, respectively. Therefore, the study concludes that, there is no significant danger of metal toxicity from the sample wells (since HI < 1).

AB - The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control recently reported an outbreak of yellow fever in Bauchi state. To strategize mitigation measures, an investigation into water sources became necessary. This study adopted Water Quality Index (WQI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) approaches to evaluate water quality from hand-dug wells within Rafin Zurfi area, Bauchi State. The specific objectives were; sample characterization, statistical analysis by SPSS, and determination of health risk analysis by WQI. Water from Hand-dug wells were examined using standard methods of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Experimental results proved that pH values of samples are adequate according to NSDWQ, while samples E and L exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Turbidity, Total hardness, TSS, EC, BOD, Ca, SO42−, Cl−, Cu and Zn measurements were all within permissible limits. The analytical results were taken in to Geographic Information Systems environment (GIS) to generate numerical spatial variation maps for parameters examined and show the health risk associated to heavy metals. HI values for adults and children were found to be 4.365119 × 10−3 and 5.180528 × 10−3, respectively. Therefore, the study concludes that, there is no significant danger of metal toxicity from the sample wells (since HI < 1).

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KW - hand-dug wells

KW - hazard index

KW - heavy metals

KW - Rafin Zurfi area

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JO - Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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ER -

Water quality hazard assessment for hand dug wells in Rafin Zurfi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

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