Universities in innovation policy-design: a review of the participation of external actors in the policy process for the creation of public value

Universities, within the framework of the third mission, have thus been able to reach out to other spheres, occupy spaces of governance and exert agency in regional planning. Some studies have identified this intensifying link with the government and the consequent shaping of policies (Gunasekara, 2006c; Rodrigues & Melo, 2013). That is why a closer look at the roots of this linkage in public participation and planning theory may be so interesting to analyse.