The application of omics technologies in Type II diabetes mellitus research

Diabetes mellitus represents a spectrum of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), largely due to insulin deficiency or resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent form, accounting for over 90% of diabetes cases globally. Its rising prevalence is a global concern, with projections indicating 783 million cases by 2045. T2DM leads to severe complications, including macrovascular diseases like cardiovascular events and microvascular issues such as retinopathy and neuropathy. Despite extensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying T2DM are not fully understood. However, advancements in omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have revolutionized diabetes research, notably in the following areas:

▪ The advent of single-cell sequencing has revealed cellular heterogeneity and dynamic changes during T2DM progression, paving the way for precision medicine approaches in diabetes research.

▪ Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based proteomics and metabolomics approaches have transformed T2DM research by enabling the discovery of early detection biomarkers, providing insights into key disease mechanisms and metabolic pathways, and facilitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

Despite challenges, integrating multi-omics data holds promise for unravelling the complex molecular networks involved in T2DM. This review explores recent advancements in omics research, its impact on T2DM, and future directions in the field.