Tailoring the work function of graphene via defects, nitrogen-doping and hydrogenation: a first principles study

The effect of defects, nitrogen doping, and hydrogen saturation on the work function of graphene is investigated via first principle calculations. Whilst Stone–Wales defects have little effect, single and double vacancy defects increase the work function by decreasing charge density in the π-electron system. Substitutional nitrogen doping in defect-free graphene significantly decreases the work function, because the nitrogen atoms donate electrons to the π-electron system. In the presence of defects, these competing effects mean that higher nitrogen content is required to achieve similar reduction in work function as for crystalline graphene. Doping with pyridinic nitrogen atoms at vacancies slightly increases the work function, since pyridinic nitrogen does not contribute electrons to the π-electron system. Meanwhile, hydrogen saturation of the pyridinic nitrogen atoms significantly reduces the work function, due to a shift from pyridinic to graphitic-type behavior. These findings clearly explain some of the experimental work functions obtained for carbon and nitrogen-doped carbon materials in the literature, and has implications in applications such as photocatalysis, photovoltaics, electrochemistry, and electron field emission.