@article{d1fc7d8139ab4cceb687077704ce02d8,
title = "Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run",
abstract = "We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.",
keywords = "Gamma-ray bursts, Transient detection, Gravitational waves",
author = "{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and the KAGRA Collaboration} and M. Andia and Bell, {A. S.} and Bentley, {J. D.} and {Ben Yaala}, M. and Berry, {C. P. L.} and Blair, {C. D.} and Brooks, {A. F.} and Brown, {D. D.} and Callaghan, {J. D.} and Carlin, {J. B.} and Carter, {J. J.} and C. Chan and Chan, {J. C. L.} and Chan, {K. H. M.} and Chan, {W. L.} and D. Chen and H. Chen and H. Chen and Chen, {K. H.} and X. Chen and Cheng, {H. P.} and C. Chou and Chung, {K. W.} and Clark, {J. A.} and Clarke, {T. A.} and J. Collins and Cooper, {S. J.} and Costa, {C. A.} and K. Craig and A. Cumming and Darroch, {K. E.} and J. Ding and M. Evans and Fan, {P. C.} and M. Fazio and Ferguson, {D. L.} and Fleming, {L. S.} and A. Ganguly and Gardner, {J. W.} and Gardner, {K. A.} and J. George and Gibson, {D. R.} and Gibson, {D. R.} and C. Gier and P. Grassia and C. Gray and R. Gray and Green, {A. C.} and Green, {S. M.} and Green, {S. M.} and H. Guo and Y. Guo and P. Gupta and Gupta, {S. K.} and Hall, {E. D.} and Hamilton, {E. Z.} and W.-B. Han and J. Hanson and M. Hendry and Hewitt, {A. L.} and P. Hill and S. Hill and J. Hough and Q. Hu and Huang, {Y. T.} and Huang, {Y. T.} and Huang, {Y. T.} and Jadhav, {S. P.} and Jadhav, {S. P.} and L. Janiurek and J. Jiang and R. Johnston and Jones, {D. H.} and Jones, {D. H.} and R. Jones and L. Ju and F. Khan and I. Khan and C. Kim and Kim, {J. C.} and K. Kim and Kim, {M. H.} and S. Kim and M. Kinnear and A. Kumar and J. Lawrence and Lee, {H. W.} and Lee, {H. W.} and R.-K. Lee and R.-K. Lee and S. Lee and Li, {T. G. F.} and X. Li and F. Lin and Lin, {L. C.-C.} and Liu, {G. C.} and Jian Liu and A. Longo and L.-T. Ma and Macleod, {D. M.} and A. Malik and Martin, {I. W.} and Martin, {R. M.} and V. Martinez and A. McLeod and Miller, {A. L.} and S. Miller and Mitchell, {A. L.} and Mitchell, {J. G.} and Moore, {C. J.} and Murray, {P. G.} and Oliveira, {A. S.} and M. Patel and S. Paul and H. Qi and S. Reid and Reid, {S. W.} and Richardson, {J. W.} and C. Robertson and M. Robinson and Ross, {M. P.} and Roy, {S. K.} and Roy, {S. K.} and A. Sanchez and J. Scott and Sharma, {A. K.} and A. Singh and Smith, {J. R.} and L. Smith and Smith, {R. J. E.} and Smith, {W. J.} and L. Sun and Talbot, {C. J.} and C. Talbot and D. Tang and L. Tao and M. Thomas and Thompson, {J. E.} and Todd, {M. R.} and M. Wade and Wallace, {G. S.} and L. Wallace and H. Wang and Wang, {J. Z.} and Wang, {W. H.} and Z. Wang and Ward, {R. L.} and J. Warner and B. Weaver and D. Williams and Williams, {M. J.} and Williams, {N. S.} and Wright, {J. L.} and M. Wright and C. Wu and H. Wu and L. Xiao and Y. Xu and Yang, {K. Z.} and L.-C. Yang and Y. Yang and H. Yu and J. Zhang and L. Zhang and R. Zhang and T. Zhang and Y. Zhang and C. Zhao and Y. Zheng and S. Zhong and Z.-H. Zhu",
year = "2025",
month = feb,
day = "20",
doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749",
language = "English",
volume = "980",
journal = "The Astrophysical Journal",
issn = "0004-637X",
number = "2",
}