Rapid Cr(VI) reduction structure in chromium contaminated soil: The UV-assisted electrokinetic circulation of background iron

Substantially decreasing the severe hazards connected with the toxic Cr(VI), developing effective reduction remediation strategies may be crucial under favorable economic conditions for the contaminated soil containing Cr(VI) to protect human health. Several typical enhancers (phosphate, fulvic acid, citric acid) were used to test electrokinetic remediation (EKR) coupled with UV radiation-induced photochemical reduction for contaminated soil containing Cr(VI). The added citrate, while improving the Cr(VI) electromigration, worked as the ultimate sacrificial electron donors, with the dissolved soil background Fe(III) as electron shuttle, to Cr(VI) rapid reduction. The dissolved soil background Fe(III) convert into Fe(II) ions through the UV radiation-induced ligand-metal charge transfers reaction, which constituted a novel electrokinetic circulation reduction pathway for the elimination of surface-bound/dissolved Cr(VI) (difficult to electromigration) in the near-anodic soil layers. More than 80% dissolved and surface-bound Cr(VI) was eliminated from the soil. In particular, the dissolved and surface-bound Cr(VI) was enhanced by more than 62.37% removal in near-anodic soil layers compared to conventional citric acid-enhanced EKR and provided no extra cost other than UV radiation. This configuration may be a cost-effective and feasible remediation design in the future for the in-situ Cr(VI) reduction of contaminated sites.