Ocean governance and the protection of ocean defenders

The rapid expansion of the ocean economy has triggered a wave of environmental injustices and human rights abuses worldwide, with often-marginalized coastal communities bearing the brunt of the fallout. Many communities and their allies are confronting these mounting pressures through advocacy and on-the-ground mobilization. This resistance is often met by harsh repression from corporations and governments. Recognizing, supporting, and protecting ocean defenders is thus essential for advancing environmental justice and human rights in sustainable ocean governance. This chapter outlines the main issues at stake and key avenues for further research, which include ocean governance by scrutinizing human rights and ocean defenders, as well as the experiences and protection for ocean defenders. The chapter also emphasizes that while diverse methodologies might be employed, a collaborative approach based on mutual trust can help to ensure the research reflects the concerns and aspirations of ocean defenders. Innovative knowledge co-production and ethical considerations should promote the co-creation of knowledge and guarantee the security and well-being of ocean defenders and their communities. Equally, attention needs to focus specifically on preventing discriminatory practices in these research endeavors. Translation of research findings and solidarity practices integrated into public policy and practice should be prioritized to ensure that ocean defenders benefit from greater agency and more effective protection.