@inproceedings{272aa3ec4a214c37a0fd9476c93e4b78,
title = "Multi-Moji: Combining thermal, vibrotactile & visual stimuli to expand the affective range of feedback",
abstract = "This paper explores the combination of multiple concurrent modalities for conveying emotional information in HCI: temperature, vibration and abstract visual displays. Each modality has been studied individually, but can only convey a limited range of emotions within two-dimensional valence-arousal space. This paper is the first to systematically combine multiple modalities to expand the available affective range. Three studies were conducted: Study 1 measured the emotionality of vibrotactile feedback by itself; Study 2 measured the perceived emotional content of three bimodal combinations: vibrotactile + thermal, vibrotactile + visual and visual + thermal. Study 3 then combined all three modalities. Results show that combining modalities increases the available range of emotional states, particularly in the problematic top-right and bottom-left quadrants of the dimensional model. We also provide a novel lookup resource for designers to identify stimuli to convey a range of emotions.",
keywords = "emotion, thermal feedback, vibration, visual feedback, human-computer interaction, HCI",
author = "Graham Wilson and Brewster, {Stephen A.}",
year = "2017",
month = may,
day = "2",
doi = "10.1145/3025453.3025614",
language = "English",
series = "Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings",
pages = "1743--1755",
booktitle = "CHI 2017 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems",
note = "2017 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2017 ; Conference date: 06-05-2017 Through 11-05-2017",
}