Modelling the evolution of pore structure during the disintegration of pharmaceutical tablets

Pharmaceutical tablet disintegration is a critical process for dissolving and enabling the absorption of the drug substance into the blood stream. The tablet disintegration process consists of multiple connected and interdependent mechanisms: liquid penetration, swelling, dissolution, and break-up. One key dependence is the dynamic change of the pore space in a tablet caused by the swelling of particles while the tablet takes up liquid. This study analysed the changes in the pore structure during disintegration by coupling the discrete element method (DEM) with a single-particle swelling model and experimental liquid penetration data from terahertz-pulsed imaging (TPI). The coupled model is demonstrated and validated for pure microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) tablets across three porosities (10, 15, and 22%) and MCC with three different concentrations of croscarmellose sodium (CCS) (2, 5, and 8% w/w). The model was validated using experimental tablet swelling from TPI. The model captured the difference in the swelling behaviour of tablets with different porosities and formulations well. Both the experimental and modelling results showed that the swelling was lowest (i.e., time to reach the maximum normalised swelling capacity) for tablets with the highest CCS concentration, (Formula presented.) = 8%. The simulations revealed that this was caused by the closure of the pores in both the wetted volume and dry volume of the tablet. The closure of the pores hinders the liquid from accessing other particles and slows down the overall swelling process. This study provides new insights into the changes in the pore space during disintegration, which is crucial to better understand the impact of porosity and formulations on the performance of tablets.