Incremental equal channel angular pressing for grain refinement

Creating a small amount of ultrafine grained metals by severe plastic deformation, for example using equal channel angular pressing, is possible in many research laboratories. However, industrial production of these materials is lagging behind because of the lack of industrially viable severe plastic deformation processes. One attempt to change this situation is based on the concept of incremental equal channel angular pressing developed by the University of Strathclyde and Warsaw University of Technology. The paper describes the path the researchers took to develop the process starting from finite element simulation, through tool design and process implementation, to material characterisation. Examples of various process configurations, which enable obtaining UFG bars, plates and sheets are given and possible future developments discussed.