How do violations of Gricean maxims affect reading?

TY - JOUR

T1 - How do violations of Gricean maxims affect reading?

AU - Fukumura, Kumiko

AU - van Gompel, Roger P.G.

PY - 2017/2/14

Y1 - 2017/2/14

N2 - Four eye-tracking experiments examined how violations of the Gricean maxim of quantity affect reading. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that first-pass reading times for size-modified definite nouns (the small towel) were longer when the modifier was redundant, as the context contained one rather than two possible referents, whereas first-pass times for bare nouns (the towel) were unaffected by whether the context contained multiple referents that resulted in ambiguity. Experiment 3 showed that unlike redundant size modifiers, redundant color modifiers did not increase first-pass times. Experiment 4 confirmed this finding, demonstrating that the effect of redundancy was dependent on the meaning of the modifier. We propose that initial referential processing is led by the lexico-semantic representation of the referring expression rather than Gricean expectations about optimal informativeness: Redundancy of a size-modifier immediately disrupts comprehension because the processor fails to activate the referential contrast implied by the meaning of the modifier, whereas referential ambiguity has no immediate effect, as it allows the activation of at least one semantically-compatible referent.

AB - Four eye-tracking experiments examined how violations of the Gricean maxim of quantity affect reading. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that first-pass reading times for size-modified definite nouns (the small towel) were longer when the modifier was redundant, as the context contained one rather than two possible referents, whereas first-pass times for bare nouns (the towel) were unaffected by whether the context contained multiple referents that resulted in ambiguity. Experiment 3 showed that unlike redundant size modifiers, redundant color modifiers did not increase first-pass times. Experiment 4 confirmed this finding, demonstrating that the effect of redundancy was dependent on the meaning of the modifier. We propose that initial referential processing is led by the lexico-semantic representation of the referring expression rather than Gricean expectations about optimal informativeness: Redundancy of a size-modifier immediately disrupts comprehension because the processor fails to activate the referential contrast implied by the meaning of the modifier, whereas referential ambiguity has no immediate effect, as it allows the activation of at least one semantically-compatible referent.

KW - ambiguity

KW - redundancy

KW - overspecification

KW - Gricean maxims

KW - reading

KW - eye-tracking

KW - referential processing

KW - lexicosemantic

UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X17300050

U2 - 10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.008

DO - 10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.008

M3 - Article

VL - 95

SP - 1

EP - 18

JO - Journal of Memory and Language

T2 - Journal of Memory and Language

JF - Journal of Memory and Language

SN - 0749-596X

ER -