Grid compliance and performance analysis of a hybrid load–generation site integrating wind farm, battery storage, and hydrogen generation

The increasing penetration of hybrid load–generation sites is expected to play a pivotal role in future power grids. This paper investigates the challenges associated with a hybrid load–generation site comprising offshore wind farms (OWFs), battery energy storage systems (BESS), and hydrogen production units, with a focus on its impact on grid compliance. The study begins with a detailed numerical modelling of the entire hybrid site in PSCAD, incorporating real-world technologies such as Siemens-Gamesa wind turbines, ABB eStorage Max-STPP BESS and Siemens Silyzer 300 electrolyser systems to ensure accurate representation of industrially deployed components. The proposed hybrid site includes a 1.2 GW OWF, a 400 MW BESS, and a 400 MW electrolyser plant, all operating behind a single 400 kV grid connection point. Scenario-based simulations reveal several critical challenges associated with the operation of hybrid load–generation sites. These include the slow dynamics of electrolysers, high reactive power requirements from transmission infrastructure, and constraints in fault ride-through performance. To address these issues, potential mitigation solutions are thoroughly analysed and evaluated. The findings, verified through PSCAD simulations, provide a comprehensive understanding of regulatory compliance in large-scale hybrid energy systems and present practical recommendations for the development of future grids.