Green nanomedicine and their applications in pharmaceutical industries

In recent years, there has been a notable rise in nano-based formulations that provide benefits like targeted, personalized, and controlled drug delivery. Nevertheless, despite the potential advantages of utilizing nanotechnology for diagnosing and treating various diseases, there are still several hurdles to tackle, including the cyto- and bio-compatibility, along with the selectivity and efficiency of these administered nanomedicines. To tackle the issues connected with traditional syntheses, green chemistry as a sustainable alternative has arisen. Nanotechnology and green chemistry, which could be called green nanomedicine provides promising solutions for producing non-toxic nanomaterials via cost-effective and environmentally friendly approaches, which can lead to the development of nanostructures that are frequently more efficient than conventional nanomedicines. In particular, the green synthesis of nanomaterials has been achieved using microorganisms like plant tissues extracts, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. The possible uses of green nanostructures are vast, encompassing their potential as anticancer and antimicrobial agents, as well as their ability to facilitate photothermal therapy and photo-imaging. They can also be utilized as nano-detectors and magnetically responsive systems for complex biological structures and biomolecules, and drug delivery. The objective of this study is to present an outline of the present state of the field, which incorporates clinical trials, and to examine the potential limitations of green nanomaterials. Moreover, the work delves into exploring possible approaches to surmount these limitations to promote progress in the field.