Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

Gregory A. Roth*, Degu Abate, Grant M.A. Wyper, GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

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Abstract

Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1736-1788
Number of pages53
JournalThe Lancet
Volume392
Issue number10159
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 10 Nov 2018

Funding

GBD 2017 reveals both long-term and more recent patterns in global health. The number of deaths due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes continues to decline, although at varying rates, whereas the number of deaths from NCDs is increasing and those from injuries remains stable. There is evidence that previously observed declines in death rates of some common diseases are now either slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs. Mortality estimates are being made with increasing detail as a result of improved methods for correcting biases in the data and the addition of new data sources, new causes, and new subnational locations. The GBD collaboration has expanded to include experts from 140 countries, with formal government engagement leading to the production of subnational estimates. Investments are being made to extend the reach of high-quality mortality surveillance and VR. SDG targets tied to mortality rates will be able to use annual GBD results to benchmark progress and identify best practices in every country. Correspondence to: Dr Gregory Roth, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA 98121, USA [email protected] GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Gregory A Roth, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomon M Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Zegeye Abebe, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Semaw F Abera, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mina G Adib, Amha Admasie, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Kareha M Agesa, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Tahiya Alam, Animut Alebel, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Jordi Alonso, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Leopold N Aminde, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sofia Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Olatunde Aremu, Johan Ärnlöv, Amit Arora, Monika Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Euripide F G A Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Peter S Azzopardi, Arefeh Babazadeh, Umar Bacha, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Katherine E Ballesteros, Maciej 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Jose, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Arundhati R Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Mehdi Sayyah, Elke Schaeffner, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J C Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, David C Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, James G Scott, Mario Sekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Katya Anne Shackelford, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Mehdi Shahbazi, Amira A Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammadbagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Peilin Shi, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Ivy Shiue, Farhad Shokraneh, Mark G Shrime, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq J Siddiqi, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Donald H Silberberg, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Natacha Torres Da Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jasvinder A Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Karen Sliwa, Mari Smith, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Eugène Sobngwi, Samir S Soneji, Moslem Soofi, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B Soriano, Ireneous N Soyiri, Luciano A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Vladimir I Starodubov, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Dan J Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Leo G Stewart, Mark A Stokes, Michelle L Subart, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Patrick John Sur, Ipsita Sutradhar, Bryan L Sykes, P N Sylaja, Dillon O Sylte, Cassandra E I Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Ken Takahashi, Nikhil Tandon, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Nuno Taveira, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Belay Tessema, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Nihal Thomas, Amanda G Thrift, George D Thurston, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G To, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Anna E Torre, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Suryakant Tripathi, Christopher E Troeger, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Nu Thi Truong, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Derrick Tsoi, Lorainne Tudor Car, E Murat Tuzcu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley N Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Eduardo A Undurraga, Rachel L Updike, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A Uthman, Selen Begüm Uzun, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Gaurang Vaidya, Pascual R Valdez, Elena Varavikova, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Santos Villafaina, Francesco S Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Gregory R Wagner, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Judd L Walson, Yanping Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Molla Mesele Wassie, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, T Eoin West, Ronny Westerman, Harvey A Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Lauren B Wilner, Shadrach Wilson, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D A Wolfe, Shouling Wu, Yun-Chun Wu, Grant M A Wyper, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Simon Yadgir, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Bereket Yakob, Lijing L Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Gökalp Kadri Yentür, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M Yimer, Paul Yip, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Gerald Yonga, Seok-Jun Yoon, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Vesna Zadnik, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Anthony Lin Zhang, Kai Zhang, Maigeng Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Liesl Joanna Zuhlke, Mohsen Naghavi, and Christopher J L Murray. Affiliations Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (G A Roth MD), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (G A Roth MD, A Afshin MD, K M Agesa BA, T Alam MPH, K E Ballesteros PhD, M S Bannick BS, G J Bertolacci BS, M H Biehl MPH, B F Blacker MPH, P S Briant BS, C S Callender BS, A Carter MPH, C D Castle BS, A J Cohen DSc, E A Cromwell PhD, M Cunningham MSc, Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD, N Davis Weaver MPH, Prof L Degenhardt PhD, S Deiparine BA, S D Dharmaratne MD, D Dicker BS, M A Dirac MD, D Douwes-Schultz BSc, C El Bcheraoui PhD, Prof V L Feigin PhD, S Finegold BS, K J Foreman PhD, T D Frank BS, J E Fuller, N Fullman MPH, W M Gardner AB, E M Goldberg MPH, T M Gorman BS, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, Y He MS, N J Henry BS, T Hsiao BS, C M S Irvine BS, S L James MD, C O Johnson PhD, S C Johnson MS, N J Kassebaum MD, G R Kemp BA, I A Khalil MD, J M Kocarnik PhD, M J Kutz BS, H H Kyu PhD, Prof H J Larson PhD, K M Lau BS, Prof S S Lim PhD, Prof A D Lopez PhD, Prof R Lozano PhD, E R Maddison BS, H Manguerra BS, L Marczak PhD, A Marks MA, I Martopullo MPH, A I Millear MPH, M K Miller-Petrie MSc, A T Misganaw PhD, Prof A H Mokdad PhD, J E Mumford BA, K Muller MPH, G Nguyen MPH, M Nguyen BS, E Nichols BA, M R Nixon PhD, E O Nsoesie PhD, C M Odell MPP, H E Olsen MA, K L Ong PhD, K R Paulson BS, D M Pigott DPhil, C A Purcell BA, P C Rao MPH, R C Reiner PhD, M B Reitsma BS, N L S Roberts BS, J S Salama MS, K A Shackelford BA, M Smith MPA, V Srinivasan BA, J D Stanaway PhD, C Steiner MPH, L G Stewart BS, M L Subart BA, P J Sur MPH, D O Sylte BA, A E Torre BS, C E Troeger MPH, D Tsoi BS, R L Updike BA, Prof S E Vollset DrPH, Prof T Vos PhD, Prof H A Whiteford PhD, L B Wilner MPH, S Wilson BS, S Yadgir BS, C Fitzmaurice MD, R J D Sorensen MPH, Prof M Naghavi MD, Prof C J L Murray DPhil), Department of Global Health (F J Charlson PhD, S Kochhar MD, Prof J R Ortiz MD, R J D Sorensen MPH, Prof J L Walson MD), Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery (C S Crowe MD, B B Massenburg MD), Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (C Fitzmaurice MD), Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N D Futran MD), Department of Neurology (R Kalani MD), Department of Medicine (B J McMahon MD, T E West MD), Department of Surgery (S D Morrison MD), Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Education (E O Nsoesie PhD), Department of Health Metrics Sciences (A Afshin MD, E A Cromwell PhD, C El Bcheraoui PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, H H Kyu PhD, Prof H J Larson PhD, Prof S S Lim PhD, A T Misganaw PhD, Prof A H Mokdad PhD, D M Pigott DPhil, R C Reiner PhD, J D Stanaway PhD, Prof S E Vollset DrPH, Prof T Vos PhD, M Zhou PhD, Prof M Naghavi MD, Prof C J L Murray DPhil), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (I Kuzin MPH, Prof E Oren PhD); School of Pharmacy (J Abdela MSc, Y Ayele MSc, D Edessa MSc, G Mengistu MSc, Prof M S Shiferaw MSc), Department of Pediatrics (A R Abrham MSc), Department of Medical Laboratory Science (Z Ataro MSc, D Marami MSc, Prof H Mitiku MSc), School of Public Health (Prof A G Bali MPH, M G Tekle MPH), School of Nursing and Midwifery (T T Dasa MSc, K T Roba PhD), College of Health and Medical Sciences (Prof Z T Kidanemariam MSc), Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia (D Abate MSc, T F Gelano MSc, T Hailegiyorgis MSc, M T Jalu MPH, Prof H Mitiku MSc, T G Tekalign MS, Prof F Weldegebreal MPH); Department of Population and Family Health (Prof K H Abate PhD, A T Gebremedhin MPH), Department of Epidemiology (M B Ahmed MPH, Prof T T Gebrehiwot MPH), Mycobacteriology Research Center (Prof E Duken MSc), Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences (Prof G T Feyissa MPH), Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology (Prof S Mereta PhD), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy (S M Abay PhD), School of Public Health (K Deribe PhD, Y J Yasin MPH), College of Health Sciences (B Gebremichael MSc), School of Allied Health Sciences (Prof E Yisma MPH), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (G T Demoz MSc); Department of Law Philosophy and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (Prof C Abbafati PhD); Non-communicable Diseases Research Center (N Abbasi MD, F Farzadfar MD, S N Irvani MD, M Shams-Beyranvand MSc, H Ebrahimi MD, F Pishgar MD), Department of Health (H Abbastabar PhD), Department of Urology (E Amini MD), Department of Health Management and Economics (M Anjomshoa PhD, S Mousavi PhD), Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center (H Ebrahimi MD), Multiple Sclerosis Research Center (I Abdollahpour PhD, S Eskandarieh PhD, P Heydarpour MD, Prof M Sahraian MD), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (Prof A Esteghamati MD), School of Medicine (N Hafezi-Nejad MD), Department of Pharmacology (A Haj-Mirzaian MD), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof S Hosseini PhD, M Mansournia PhD, Prof M Yaseri PhD), Hematologic Malignancies Research Center (A Kasaeian PhD), Knowledge Utilization Research Center (Prof R Majdzadeh PhD), Digestive Diseases Research Institute (Prof R Malekzadeh MD, Prof A Pourshams MD, H Poustchi PhD, G Roshandel PhD, S G Sepanlou MD), Cancer Research Center (Prof A Nahvijou PhD), Uro-oncology Research Center (M Nowroozi MD, F Pishgar MD), Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) (Prof A Rahimi-Movaghar MD), Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center (M Safdarian MD, Prof P Salamati MD, M Sharif-Alhoseini PhD), Center of Expertise in Microbiology (Prof S Seyedmousavi PhD), Cancer Biology Research Center (Prof R Shirkoohi PhD), Department of Anatomy (S Sobhani MD), Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center (A Kasaeian PhD), Community-Based Participatory Research Center (Prof R Majdzadeh PhD), Cancer Research Institute (Prof R Shirkoohi PhD), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Montreal Neuroimaging Center (N Abbasi MD), Montreal Neurological Institute (S Fereshtehnejad PhD), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology (Prof F Abd-Allah MD, Prof A Abdelalim MD, Prof M I Hegazy PhD), Department of Medical Parasitology (M M Khater MD), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran (I Abdollahpour PhD); Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India (R S Abdulkader MD); College of Health Sciences (H T Abebe PhD), School of Public Health (Prof S F Abera MSc, B M Adhena MPH, A B Belachew MSc), Clinical Pharmacy Unit (H N Abraha MSc, T D Kassa MSc, Y L Nirayo MSc, (A K Gebre MSc, T G Gebremichael MSc, A G Tsadik MSc, E Yimer MSc), Department of Biostatistics (K Gezae MSc), Anatomy Unit (T B Hagos MSc), Biomedical Sciences Division (Prof G B Hailu MSc), School of Medicine (D T Mengistu MSc), Department of Microbiology and Immunology (S Muthupandian PhD), Department of Environmental Health Science (A A Werkneh MSc), Department of Midwifery (Prof Z M Zenebe MSc), Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (E Belay MSc, Prof B D Demtsu MSc, S G Tassew MSc); Department of Clinical Chemistry (M Abebe MSc, B Biadgo BSc), Human Nutrition Department (Z Abebe MSc), Institute of Public Health (Prof K A Alene MPH, B Bekele MPH, Prof A F Dadi MPH, M A Limenih MSc, Prof M Melku MSc, Prof K Muchie MSc, G A Tessema MPH, B Tilahun PhD, Prof M M Wassie MSc), Department of Medical Microbiology (B Tessema PhD), Department of Medical Parasitology (Prof A J Zeleke MSc), University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (H W Baynes MSc); Department of Nursing (A Alebel MSc, G A Dessie MSc, D H Kassa MSc, F W S Wagnew MSc), Department of Public Health (Y A Belay MPH, G D Kibret MPH, C T Leshargie MPH), College of Health Sciences (G M Kassa MSc), Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia (A N Abejie MPH); Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (Prof S F Abera MSc); Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (O Abil MSc), Department of Health Sciences (Prof E Duken MSc), Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Medical Science, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria (O Abil MSc); Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar (Prof L J Abu-Raddad PhD); Epidemiology (M M K Accrombessi PhD), Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB), Cotonou, Benin (E F A Avokpaho MD); Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea (Prof D Acharya MPH); Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal (Prof D Acharya MPH); Department of Global Health (A A Adamu MSc, O O Adetokunboh MSc, Prof C S Wiysonge MD), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences (Prof P S Nyasulu PhD), Department of Psychiatry (Prof C D H Parry PhD), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa (A A Adamu MSc, O O Adetokunboh MSc), Burden of Disease Research Unit (R Matzopoulos PhD), Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease (Prof A E Schutte PhD), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (Prof D J Stein MD); Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O M Adebayo MD); Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (Prof R A Adedoyin PhD); School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK (V Adekanmbi PhD); Emergency Department, Saint Mark Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt (M G Adib MD); School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (A Admasie MPH); Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (G Agarwal MD); Research Area for Informatics and Big Data, Csir Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India (Prof A Agrawal PhD); Department of Internal Medicine (Prof A Agrawal PhD), National School of Tropical Medicine (Prof P J Hotez PhD), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Health Promotion Division (M Arora PhD), Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences (S Goenka PhD), Non Communicable Diseases (Prof M R Mathur PhD), Indian Institute of Public Health (Prof S Zodpey PhD), Public Health Foundation of India, India (S Agrawal PhD, A Awasthi PhD, Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD, G Kumar PhD, D K Lal MD, K Reddy DM); Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India (S Agrawal PhD); Department of Anesthesiology (Prof A Ahmadi PhD), Department of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (Prof M Farzaei PhD), Sleep Disorders Research Center (M Ghadami MD), Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences (F Heydarpour PhD), Faculty of Public Health (Prof B Karami Matin PhD, A Kazemi Karyani PhD), Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (Prof F Najafi PhD, Prof Y Salimi PhD), Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center (Prof S Rezaei PhD, M Soofi PhD), Department of Food Technology & Quality Control (Prof E Sadeghi PhD), Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation (M Shamsi PhD), Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center (Prof S Siabani PhD), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (Prof M Farzaei PhD), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran (Prof S Heydarpour PhD, Prof M Pirsaheb PhD, Prof S Rezaeian PhD, Prof K Sharafi PhD); Environmental Technologies Research Center (Prof M Ahmadi PhD), Department of Public Health (Prof M A Khafaie PhD), Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center (Prof F Rahim PhD), Deapartment of Neurosurgery (Prof H Safari MD), Education Development Center (Prof M Sayyah PsyD), Medical Physics Department (Prof A Yadollahpour PhD), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Health Systems and Population Studies Division (S Ahmed MSc), Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases (A Naheed PhD), Health Economics and Financing Research Group (A R Sarker MSc), Maternal and Child Health Division (S Zaman MPH), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics (S Ahmed MSc), Department of Public Health Sciences (Prof P Allebeck MD, Z El-Khatib PhD), Department of Neurobiology (Prof J Ärnlöv PhD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof J J Carrero PhD, Prof E Weiderpass PhD), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (S Fereshtehnejad PhD), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Algeria (A Aichour B Med Sc, I Aichour B Pharm); Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria (M Aichour MA); Cancer Research Center (Prof M Akbari MD), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences (A Haj-Mirzaian MD, S N Irvani MD), Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center (Prof N Jahanmehr PhD), Department of Biostatistics (A Khajavi MSc), Department of Epidemiology (S Riahi PhD), Ophthalmic Research Center (S Safi MSc, Prof M Yaseri PhD), School of Public Health (Prof N Jahanmehr PhD), Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center (S Safi MSc), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (R O Akinyemi PhD, Prof M O Owolabi DrM); Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children (N Akseer PhD), Department of Nutritional Sciences (A Badawi PhD), The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children (Prof Z A Bhutta PhD), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA (Z Al-Aly MD); Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA St Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, USA (Z Al-Aly MD); Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (A Al-Eyadhy MD), Department of Pediatrics (Prof B H Sobaih MD, Prof M Temsah MRCPCH, MD), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (K Altirkawi MD); Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Prof R M Al-Raddadi PhD); Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA (Prof F Alahdab MD); Research Committee, Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, DC, USA (Prof F Alahdab MD); School of Population and Global Health (K Alam PhD), School of Medicine (Prof G J Hankey MD), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Research School of Population Health (Prof K A Alene MPH), National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (M Bin Sayeed MSPS, A Parisi MD), Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Public Health (Prof A H Pakpour PhD), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran (M Alijanzadeh PhD); Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center (R Alizadeh-Navaei PhD), Department of Medical Mycology (Prof H Badali PhD), Toxoplasmosis Research Center (Prof A Daryani PhD, Prof S Sarvi PhD), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (Prof M Mohammadi PhD), Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (Prof A Rafiei PhD), Department of Pediatrics (Prof M Rezai MD), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology (A Vaezi PhD), Department of Immunology (Prof A Rafiei PhD), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Prof M Fakhar PhD, Prof A Hedayatizadeh-Omran PhD, M Nourollahpour Shiadeh PhD, Prof Z Zare PhD); Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait (Prof S M Aljunid PhD); International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia (Prof S M Aljunid PhD); Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg (A Alkerwi PhD); Isped, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (Prof F Alla PhD); Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden (Prof P Allebeck MD); Research Program in Epidemiology & Public Health, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (Prof J Alonso MD); Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain (Prof J Alonso MD); Research Group on Health Economics (Prof N Alvis-Guzman PhD), Epiunit, Instituto de Saúde Pública (Prof C Castro PhD), University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia (Prof N Alvis-Guzman PhD); Sansom Institute (A Amare PhD), Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit (P S Azzopardi PhD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Public Health Nutrition (N Fentahun PhD), Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (A Amare PhD); School of Public Health (L N Aminde MD, F J Charlson PhD, H E Erskine PhD, A J Ferrari PhD, D F Santomauro PhD, Prof J G Scott PhD), School of Dentistry (Prof R Lalloo PhD), Institute for Social Science Research (J C Maravilla PhD), Queensland Brain Institute (Prof J J McGrath MD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (Prof H A Whiteford PhD); Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health (Prof D A Silveira MSc), Federal Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon (Prof W Ammar PhD); Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (Prof W Ammar PhD); Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (Y A Amoako MD); Faculty of Medicine (N H Anber PhD), Department of Clinical Pathology (Prof M El Sayed Zaki PhD), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (N H Anber PhD); Emergency Hospital of Bucharest (Prof M Beuran PhD, Prof I Negoi PhD), Department of General Surgery (Prof D V Davitoiu PhD, Prof M Hostiuc PhD), Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics (Prof S Hostiuc PhD), Anatomy and Embryology Department (Prof R I Negoi PhD), Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (C Andrei PhD); Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece (Prof S Androudi PhD); Department of Public Health (Y C D Geramo MSc, M Y Teshale MPH), Medical Laboratory Science (Prof M Hussen MA), Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia (M D Animut MPH); Social Determinants of Health Research Center (M Anjomshoa PhD), Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Prof H Ansari PhD); Department of Public Health (M G Ansha MPH, Prof T Kolola MPH), Department of Midwifery (M T Dinberu MA), Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Health Policy and Administration (C T Antonio MD), Development and Communication Studies (E K Macarayan PhD), University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Research Unit (R Ofori-Asenso MSc), Independent Consultant, Kabul, Afghanistan (P Anwari MSc); School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England (O Aremu PhD); School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (Prof J Ärnlöv PhD); School of Science and Health (A Arora PhD), School of Social Sciences and Psychology (Prof A M N Renzaho PhD), Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia (F A Ogbo PhD); Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia (A Arora PhD); Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth, New Delhi, India (M Arora PhD); Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada (A Artaman PhD); DfID Nepal Health Sector Programme 3, Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal (K K Aryal PhD); Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran (H Asayesh MSc); University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (S Atique PhD); Public Health Department (S Atique PhD), Department of Family and Community Medicine (Prof I A Ginawi MD), University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Center for Clinical Global Health Education (S R Atre PhD), Department of Radiology (N Hafezi-Nejad MD, A Haj-Mirzaian MD), Department of Epidemiology (S Hutfless PhD, Prof J B Nachega PhD), Department of Health Policy and Management (Prof A T Khoja MD), School of Medicine (S Hutfless PhD), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Dr D Y Patil Medical College (S R Atre PhD), Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India (A R Sawant MD); School of Business (Prof M Ausloos PhD), Department of Health Sciences (Prof T Brugha MD), University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Conrol of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin (E F A Avokpaho MD); Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India (A Awasthi PhD); The Judith Lumley Centre (B Ayala Quintanilla PhD), School of Nursing and Midwifery (Prof D Edvardsson PhD), Austin Clinical School of Nursing (M Rahman PhD), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru (B Ayala Quintanilla PhD); Department of Community and Global Health (R Ayer MSc), Department of Global Health Policy (Prof S Nomura MSc), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (P S Azzopardi PhD); Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Babol, Iran (A Babazadeh MD, Prof S Ebrahimpour PhD); School of Health Sciences (U Bacha M Phil), School of Food and Agricultural Sciences (N Khalid PhD), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Public Health Risk Sciences Division (A Badawi PhD), Applied Research Division (H M Orpana PhD), Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (Prof M Banach PhD); Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland (Prof M Banach PhD); Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics (K Banerjee MSc), Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies (M H U Rahman M Phil, Prof U Ram PhD), International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India (S Goli PhD, P Kumar PhD, M H U Rahman M Phil); Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (J A M Banoub MD); Department of Transplant Services, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (J A M Banoub MD); Department of Neurosciences, Rafael A Calderón Guardia Hospital (Prof M A Barboza MSc), Area de Estadística, Dirección Actuarial (Prof J Castillo Rivas MSc), Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine (Prof M A Barboza MSc), School of Dentistry (Prof J Castillo Rivas MSc), University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; School of Psychology (Prof S L Barker-Collo PhD), Molecular Medicine and Pathology (K B Tran MD), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Public Health (Prof T W Bärnighausen MD, Prof J De Neve MD, B Moazen MSc, S Mohammed PhD), Department of Ophthalmology (Prof J B Jonas MD), Medical Clinic V (Prof W März MD), Augenpraxis Jonas (S Panda-Jonas MD), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Global Health and Population (Prof T W Bärnighausen MD, A B Feigl PhD, Prof O F Norheim PhD), Department of Nutrition (E L Ding DSc, M S Farvid PhD), T H Chan School of Public Health (P C Gupta DSc), Ariadne Labs (E K Macarayan PhD), Department of Genetics (A Pereira PhD), Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care (Prof A Sheikh MSc), Heart and Vascular Center (M Vaduganathan MD), Department of Environmental Health (G R Wagner MD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA (N Islam PhD, M G Shrime MD, B Yakob PhD); Center for Nutrition and Health Research (E Denova-Gutiérrez DSc), Center for Health Systems Research (H Gómez-Dantés MSc, M Rios-Blancas MPH, Prof E Serván-Mori DSc), Center for Population Health Research (C Razo-García MSc), National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (S Barquera PhD, I R Campos-Nonato PhD, J Campuzano Rincon PhD, Prof R Lozano PhD); Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia (Prof L H Barrero DSc); Barcelona Institute for Global Health (Prof Q Bassat MD), Tuberculosis Department (A L Garcia-Basteiro MSc), Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain (Prof J V Lazarus PhD); Tuberculosis (A L Garcia-Basteiro MSc), Manhiça Health Research Center, Manhiça, Mozambique (Prof Q Bassat MD); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA (Prof S Basu PhD); Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof B T Baune PhD); Department of Psychiatry, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S Bazargan-Hejazi BEP); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Prof S Bazargan-Hejazi BEP); Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India (Prof N Bedi MD); Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia (Prof N Bedi MD); Department of Neuroscience (E Beghi MD, G Giussani PhD), Department of Renal Medicine (B Bikbov MD, N Perico MD), Department of Oncology (C Bosetti PhD, M Cortinovis PhD), Department of Environmental Health Science (S Gallus DSc), Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy (Prof G Remuzzi MD); Health Management and Economics Research Center (M Behzadifar PhD), Department of Ophthalmology (K Ghasemi Falavarjani MD), Air Pollution Research Center (B Heibati PhD), Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center (M Moradi-Lakeh MD, Prof A Tehrani-Banihashemi PhD), Department of Neuroscience (M Safdarian MD), Department of Health Policy (H Shabaninejad PhD), Department of Community Medicine (Prof A Tehrani-Banihashemi PhD), Physiology Research Center (M Yousefifard PhD), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (T Beyranvand PhD, F Farhadi MD); Social Determinants of Health Research Center (M Behzadifar PhD), Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran (M Behzadifar MS); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France (Prof Y Béjot PhD); Dijon Stroke Registry - Ufr Sciences Santé, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France (Prof Y Béjot PhD); Public Health Department (B Bekele MPH, H Y Hassen MPH), Pharmacy Department (A T Kefale MSc), Mizan-tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia (Prof A Henok MPH); School of Forestry and Environmental Studies (Prof M L Bell PhD), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Prof J J Huang MD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (Prof A K Bello PhD); Nuffield Department of Population Health (D A Bennett PhD), Nuffield Department of Medicine (Prof P W Gething PhD), Department of Psychiatry (Prof C R J Newton MD), Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health (Prof K Rahimi MD), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Prof V Jha MD); Department of Internal Medicine (I M Bensenor PhD, Prof I S Santos PhD), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Division of Ophthalmology (Prof J M Furtado MD), University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department (A C Goulart PhD), Department of Medicine (Prof P A Lotufo DrPH), Department of Biomechanics (L G Mandarano-Filho PhD), Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology (A Pereira PhD), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine (M R Tovani-Palone MSc), Department of Psychiatry (Y Wang PhD), Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research (A C Goulart PhD), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA (Prof A E Berman MD); Department of Health Policy (Prof A E Berman MD), Personal Social Services Research Unit (R Kadel MPH), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK; Dental Institute (E Bernabe PhD), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (Prof P I Dargan MB, M Molokhia PhD), St John's Institute of Dermatology (Prof R J Hay MD), Division of Patient and Population (Prof W Marcenes PhD), School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences (Prof C D A Wolfe MD), King's College London, London, UK; Hubert Department of Global Health (R S Bernstein MD), Rollins School of Public Health (Prof Y Liu PhD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA (R S Bernstein MD); Department of Internal Medicine (Prof A Bhalla MD, D P Lad DM), Department of Pediatrics (S D Lad MD), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (O J Brady PhD, Prof H J Larson PhD), Department of Disease Control (Prof J Cano PhD), Department of Health Services Research and Policy (Prof M McKee DSc), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK (S Bhattarai MSc); Nepal Academy of Science & Technology, Patan, Nepal (S Bhattarai MSc); George Institute (Prof V Jha MD), Research (Prof P K Maulik PhD), The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India (S Bhaumik MBBS); Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan (Prof Z A Bhutta PhD); Social Determinant of Health Research Center (A Bijani PhD), Health Research Institute (Prof R Ghadimi PhD, M Ghasemi-Kasman PhD), Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center (Prof P Mirabi PhD), Department of Clinical Biochemistry (N Neamati MSc, Prof H Parsian PhD), Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (H Nouri PhD), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (A Rostami PhD), Immunoregulation Research Center (Prof S Seyedmousavi PhD), Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Prof M Shahbazi PhD), Student Research Committee (M Zamani MD), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran (Prof M Faramarzi PhD, S Mouodi MD); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (V Bilano PhD, F B Piel PhD), Department of Primary Care and Public Health (M Car PhD, Prof A Majeed MD, Prof S Rawaf PhD), Department of Surgery and Cancer (Prof A C Davis PhD), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (Prof C A Donnelly DSc), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training (D L Rawaf MD), School of Public Health (Prof S Saxena MD), Imperial College London, London, UK; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia (N Bililign B Hlth Sci); Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh (M Bin Sayeed MSPS); Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA (D Bisanzio PhD); School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK (D Bisanzio PhD, F Shokraneh MSc); Department of Health Sciences (I Filip MD), A T Still University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (T Biswas MPH, A Radfar MD); General Directorate of Health Information Systems (B Bora Basara PhD), Department of Public Health (A Chitheer FETP), Epidemiology & Disease Control (Prof S Ma PhD), Research Department, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital (Prof Z A Memish MD), NCD Prevention & Control Unit (S S Ong MBBS, FAMS), Health and Disability Intelligence Group (I Salz MD), Department of Health Statistics (G K Yentür MSc), Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey (M Car PhD, B Er MSc); Centre for Adolescent Health (R Borschmann PhD), Population Health Group (Prof G C Patton MD), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof R G Weintraub MB); School of Population and Global Health (R Borschmann PhD), Department of Medicine (Prof B C Cowie PhD), Department of Paediatrics (Prof M T Mackay PhD, Prof G C Patton MD), School of Health Sciences (Prof A Meretoja MD, Prof C E I Szoeke PhD), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof A D Lopez PhD); Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (K Bozorgmehr MSc); School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital (Prof L C Brant PhD), Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health (Prof D C Malta PhD), Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (Prof B R Nascimento PhD, Prof A P Ribeiro MD), Post-graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine (B P Sao Jose PhD), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (Prof C Brayne MD, Prof R Chowdhury PhD), MRC Epidemiology Unit (N Islam PhD), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia (Prof A Brazinova MD); Department of Psychology (Prof N J K Breitborde PhD), College of Public Health (Prof M Yotebieng PhD), Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department (Prof N J K Breitborde PhD), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (Prof H Brenner MD, B Schöttker PhD); Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City Of Knowledge, Panama (G Britton PhD); Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment (F Castro MD) Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama (G Britton PhD, I Moreno Velásquez PhD, H Quintana PhD); Institute of Public Health (Prof R Busse PhD, Prof E Schaeffner MD), Department of Neurology (Prof M Endres MD), Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry (Prof F Schwendicke MPH), Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; School of Population and Public Health (Z A Butt PhD, Prof N Sarrafzadegan MD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (J A Kopec PhD); Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (Z A Butt PhD); School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico (J Campuzano Rincon PhD); Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico (Prof R Cárdenas DSc); Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy (G Carreras PhD); Institute of Public Health (Prof F Carvalho PhD), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (J Das Neves PhD), REQUIMTE/LAQV (Prof E Fernandes PhD, Prof D M Pereira PhD), Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Cintesis, Faculty of Medicine (J V Santos MD), Ucibio (J P Silva PhD), Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (Prof F Carvalho PhD), Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S) (J Das Neves PhD), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia (C A Castañeda-Orjuela MSc); Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group (C A Castañeda-Orjuela MSc), Department of Public Health (Prof F P De La Hoz PhD), National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Epidemiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Prof C Castro PhD); Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F Catalá-López PhD); Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research (Prof E Cerin PhD), Institute for Positive Psychology and Education (Prof C Lonsdale PhD), The Brain Institute (Prof C E I Szoeke PhD), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health (Prof E Cerin PhD), Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention (Prof P Yip PhD), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Prof P Yip PhD); College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y Chaiah, Prof Z A Memish MD, Prof M Temsah MRCPCH, MD, O Temsah); College of Medicine (Prof J Chang PhD), Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (Y Wu MSc), National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India (Prof P Chaturvedi MD); Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia (P P Chiang PhD); Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan (O Chimed-Ochir PhD); Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (V H Chisumpa PhD, C Mapoma PhD); Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (V H Chisumpa PhD); Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital (Prof H Christensen DMSci), Department of Neurology (T C Truelsen PhD), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pulmonary Medicine (Prof D J Christopher MD), Department of Neurology (Prof J D Pandian MD), Department of Endocrinology (Prof N Thomas PhD), Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Health Informatics (S Chung PhD), Ear Institute (Prof A C Davis PhD), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Prof M Kivimäki PhD, Prof M R Mathur PhD), Department of Psychology (M Kumar PhD), University College London, London, UK; Health Data Research UK, London, UK (S Chung PhD); School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Prof F M Cicuttini PhD, Prof Y Guo PhD, S Li PhD, S Si PhD), Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics (R Ofori-Asenso MSc), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof A G Thrift PhD); Adelaide Medical School (L G Ciobanu PhD, T K Gill PhD), School of Public Health (G A Tessema MPH), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia (A T Olagunju MD); Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy (Prof M Cirillo MD); Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA (A J Cohen DSc); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA (L T Cooper MD); Malaria Vaccines (C Karema MPH), Epidemiology and Public Health (T Fürst PhD), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Quality and Equity Health Care, Kigali, Rwanda (C Corine MPH); School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy (P A Cortesi PhD, C Fornari PhD, A Lafranconi MD, F Madotto PhD); Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (E Cousin MSc, B B Duncan MD, Prof M I Schmidt PhD); WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis (Prof B C Cowie PhD), Victorian Infectious Diseases Service (VIDS) (K B Gibney PhD), Epidemiology Discipline (J H MacLachlan MSc), The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA (Prof M H Criqui MD); Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (Prof J A Crump MD); Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health (Prof J A Crump MD), Duke University School of Medicine (P P Doshi MS), Duke Global Health Institute (Prof L L Yan PhD), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; College of Medicine and Health Sciences (A K Daba MSc), Department of Reproductive Health (D T Hibstu MPH), Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia (Prof A F Dadi MPH); Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam (A K Dang MD, L H Nguyen MPH, T H Nguyen BMedSc, N T Truong B Hlth Sci); Clinical Toxicology Service (Prof P I Dargan MB), Biomedical Research Council (Prof C D A Wolfe MD), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Rheumatology, K G Medical University, Lucknow, India (Prof S K S Das MD); James P Grant School of Public Health (R Das Gupta MPH, M Hasan MPH, I Sutradhar MPH), Research and Evaluation Division (M Rahman PhD), BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India (Prof A P Dash DSc); Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital St. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania (Prof D V Davitoiu PhD); Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan (Prof K Davletov PhD); National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (Prof L Degenhardt PhD), South Western Sydney Clinical School (Prof G B Marks PhD), School of Medicine (Prof P K Maulik PhD, Prof B Neal PhD), School of Psychiatry (Prof P S Sachdev MD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Population Dynamics and Reproductive Health Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya (T T Degfie PhD); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia (G T Demoz MSc); Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK (K Deribe PhD); National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, UK (N Dervenis MD, G M A Wyper MSc); Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece (N Dervenis MD); Department of Psychiatry (Prof D C Des Jarlais PhD), Department of Medicine (Prof J R Masci MD), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India (S Dey PhD); Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (S D Dharmaratne MD); Swedish Family Medicine - First Hill, Seattle, WA, USA (M A Dirac MD); Deputy of Research and Technology (Prof S Djalalinia PhD), Center of Communicable Disease Control (B Eshrati PhD), Department of Human Resources (Z Kazemi MSc), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran (Z Kazemi MSc, Prof A Khosravi PhD); Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria (Prof K Dokova PhD); Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana (D T Doku PhD); Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences (D T Doku PhD), Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences (S Neupane PhD), University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA (E Dorsey MD); School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (Prof K E Doyle PhD, Prof A L Zhang PhD), Department of Psychology (Prof S R Robinson PhD), Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health (Prof T R Driscoll PhD), Sydney Medical School (S Islam PhD), Asbestos Diseases Research Institute (J Leigh MD), Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (Prof G B Marks PhD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (D G Hoy PhD, M A Mohammed PhD, Prof K Takahashi PhD); United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India (M Dubey PhD); Faculty of Medicine (E Dubljanin PhD), Institute of Social Medicine, Centre School of Public Health and Health Management (Prof M M Santric Milicevic PhD), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil (Prof A R Duraes PhD); Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil (Prof A R Duraes PhD); Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (Prof D Edvardsson PhD); Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (Prof A E Eggen PhD); Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya (H Elkout PhD); Health Information (H Elkout PhD), Tuberculosis Health Topic (K W Rade MD), World Health Organization (WHO), Tripoli, Libya; Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (C L Ellingsen MD); Centre for Disease Burden (A S Knudsen PhD), Division of Mental and Physical Health (Prof S Øverland PhD), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (C L Ellingsen MD); Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (A Y Endries MPH); Policy and Epidemiology Group (D F Santomauro PhD), Child and Youth Mental Health (Prof J G Scott PhD), Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia (H E Erskine PhD, A J Ferrari PhD); Department of Public Health (Prof R Esmaeili PhD), Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran (Prof H Fakhim PhD); College of Medicine (M Fareed PhD), Department of Public Health (Prof A T Khoja MD), Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; National Statistical Office, Lisbon, Portugal (C S E Farinha MSc); Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil (Prof A Faro PhD); National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand (Prof V L Feigin PhD); Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France (A B Feigl PhD); Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry - Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal (J C Fernandes PhD); Department of Psychiatry (I Filip MD), Division of Research (J O Lam PhD), Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA; Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany (F Fischer PhD); Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine (N A Foigt PhD); Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA (T Fukumoto PhD); Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan (T Fukumoto PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (T Fürst PhD); Faculty of Business and Management (M A Garcia-Gordillo PhD), Institute of Physical Activity and Health (Prof P R Olivares PhD), Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia (A T Gebremedhin MPH, D Hendrie PhD, T R Miller PhD); Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands (Prof J M Geleijnse PhD); Directorate General for Public Health, Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain (R Genova-Maleras MSc); Department of Health Care Policy and Management, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan (M Ghimire MA); The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (K B Gibney PhD); Unit of Academic Primary Care (Prof P S Gill DM), Division of Health Sciences (Prof O A Uthman PhD), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Department of Community and Family Medicine (R R F Gillum MD), Division of General Internal Medicine (R R F Gillum MD), Howard University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neurology (Prof M Giroud PhD), Department of Vital and Health Statistics (H L Harb MPH), Department of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics Control (J Nansseu MD), Ministry of Public Health, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Dijon, France (Prof M Giroud PhD); Physical Activity and Obesity Prevention (S Goenka PhD), Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (Prof S Liu PhD); Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India (S Goli PhD); Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA (Prof P N Gona PhD); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA (S V Gopalani MPH); Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia (S V Gopalani MPH); Metabolic Epidemiology Section, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan (A Goto MD); School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA (A Grada MD); Registro Tumori Integrato, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy (G Grosso PhD); Department of Epidemiology (Prof H C Gugnani PhD), Department of Microbiology (Prof H C Gugnani PhD), Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla; School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil (Prof A L S Guimaraes PhD); Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India (P C Gupta DSc, D N Sinha PhD); Commissioner of Public Health, West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, USA (Prof R Gupta MD); Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA (Prof R Gupta MD); Academics and Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India (Prof R Gupta MD); Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India (Prof R Gupta MD); Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA (T Gupta MD); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (H Hosgood PhD), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA (T Gupta MD); Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico (R A Gutiérrez PhD); Department of Public Health (B Gyawali MPH), National Centre for Register-based Research (Prof J J McGrath MD), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Nepal Development Society, Pokhara, Nepal (B Gyawali MPH); Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (J A Haagsma PhD, S Kochhar MD, S Polinder MA); Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain (Prof R R Hamadeh DPhil); School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Prof S Hamidi DrPH); Population Health Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA (A J Handal PhD); Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia (Prof G J Hankey MD); Cardiology Department (Prof S Harikrishnan MD), Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies (Prof P Jeemon PhD, G Mini PhD, Prof K R Thankappan MD), Neurology Department (Prof P Sylaja), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India; Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain (Prof J M Haro MD, S Tyrovolas PhD); Department of Medicine (Prof J M Haro MD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (S Tyrovolas PhD); Public Health Department (L Jahangiry PhD), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (H Hassankhani PhD); Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran (H Hassankhani PhD); Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H Y Hassen MPH); Clinical Sciences Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R Havmoeller PhD); International Foundation for Dermatology, London, UK (Prof R J Hay MD); Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran (Prof M Heidari PhD); Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania (Prof C Herteliu PhD, Prof A Mirica PhD, A Pana MD); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (Prof H W Hoek MD); Department of Epidemiology (Prof H W Hoek MD), Department of Health and Behavior Studies (Prof I D Sigfusdottir PhD), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; University of Texas - Austin, Austin, TX, USA (M K Hole MD); School of Health (Prof E Homaie Rad PhD), Guilan Road Trauma Research Center (Prof E Homaie Rad PhD), Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India (A Pujar PhD, P Hoogar PhD); Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq (M Hosseinzadeh PhD); Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (Prof M Hostiuc PhD); Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania (Prof S Hostiuc PhD); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China (Prof G Hu PhD); Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine (Prof A Husseini PhD); Health Sciences Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (Prof A Husseini PhD); Infectious Diseases Department, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia (B Idrisov MD); Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia (O S Ilesanmi PhD); Global Health and Development Department (Prof U Iqbal PhD), Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics (D N A Ningrum MPH), Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (S Islam PhD), School of Medicine (M Rahman PhD), Department of Psychology (Prof M A Stokes PhD), Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA (F Islami PhD); Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA (K H Jacobsen PhD); Public Health Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (L Jahangiry PhD); Department of Parasitic Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control Delhi, Delhi, India (S K Jain MD); Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia (Prof M Jakovljevic PhD); Newcastle University, Tyne, UK (M Javanbakht PhD); Faculty of Graduate Studies (A U Jayatilleke PhD), Institute of Medicine (A U Jayatilleke PhD), University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Center for Applied Pediatric Quality Analytics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (K J Jenkins MD); Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India (R P Jha MSc); Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China (Prof J B Jonas MD); Centre for Community Medicine (Prof A Joshi MD, Prof A P Pakhare MD), Department of Paediatrics (Prof R Lodha MD), Department of Cardiology (Prof A Roy MD), Department of Psychiatry (Prof R Sagar MD), Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes (Prof N Tandon PhD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Institution of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland (Prof J J Jozwiak PhD); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland (Prof J J Jozwiak PhD); School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India (S B Jungari MA); Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (M Jürisson PhD); School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Z Kabir PhD); Department of Epidemiology (M Karami PhD), Department of Environmental Health Engineering (M Leili PhD), Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (M Shamsizadeh MSc), Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany (A Karch MD); Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (H Karimi-Sari MD), Student Research Committee (M Khosravi MD), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Young Investigators, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran (H Karimi-Sari MD); Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA (N J Kassebaum MD); MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (S V Katikireddi PhD); School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA (Prof A Kaul MD); Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA (Prof A Kaul MD); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D S Kazi MD, Prof K M Mehta DSc), Department of Medicine (D S Kazi MD), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ODeL Campus (Prof P N Keiyoro PhD), School of Medicine (Prof G Yonga MD), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya (M Kumar PhD); Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian, and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA (G R Kemp BA); Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit (Prof A P Kengne PhD), Alcohol, Tobacco, & Other Drug Use Research Unit (Prof C D H Parry PhD), Cochrane South Africa (E Z Sambala PhD, Prof C S Wiysonge MD), Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (Prof A P Kengne PhD, G A Mensah MD, J Noubiap MD, Prof K Sliwa MD, Prof L J Zuhlke PhD), School of Public Health and Family Medicine (R Matzopoulos PhD), Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health (Prof D J Stein MD), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health (Prof L J Zuhlke PhD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Cardiology, Assuta Hospital, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Center, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel (Prof A Keren MD); CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Lucknow, India (C Kesavachandran PhD); Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan (Prof Y S Khader PhD); Department of Statistics, Azad University, Omidiyeh Branch, Iran (B Khafaei PhD); Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan (Prof E A Khan MPH); Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA (M S Khan MD); Department of Internal Medicine (M S Khan MD, T J Siddiqi MB, M S Usman MB), Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology (G Naik MPH, J A Singh MD), Department of Medicine (P Ranjan PhD, J A Singh MD), Department of Psychology (D C Schwebel PhD), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA (M Khan MD, A R Sawant MD); University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA (M Khan MD); Institute of Health Policy and Management (Prof Y Khang MD), Department of Health Policy and Management (Prof Y Khang MD), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran (M Khosravi MD); Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA (Prof J Khubchandani PhD); Clinical Epidemiology Unit (A A Kiadaliri PhD), Department of Clinical Sciences (Prof B Norrving PhD), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Kenya Revenue Authority, Nairobi, Kenya (D N Kiirithio MSc); Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya (D N Kiirithio MSc); Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA (Prof D Kim DrPH); Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea (Y Kim PhD, Prof S Yoon PhD); School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia (Prof Y Kim PhD); Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA (R W Kimokoti MD); Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia (Y Kinfu PhD); Department of Health Management and Health Economics (Prof A Kisa PhD), Institute of Health and Society (A S Winkler PhD), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA (Prof A Kisa PhD); Department of Health Economics and Social Security (K Kissimova-Skarbek PhD), Institute of Public Health (R Topor-Madry PhD), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Public Health (Prof M Kivimäki PhD, T Lallukka PhD), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (T J Meretoja MD); Department of Psychosocial Science (A S Knudsen PhD, Prof S Øverland PhD), Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (Prof O F Norheim PhD), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA (J M Kocarnik PhD); Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan (Prof Y Kokubo PhD); Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada (J A Kopec PhD); Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India (Prof P A Koul MD); Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia (E V Gnedovskaya PhD, M A Kravchenko PhD); Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India (Prof K Krishan PhD); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Prof B Kuate Defo PhD), Department of Demography (Prof B Kuate Defo PhD), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey (Prof B Kucuk Bicer BEP); Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (Prof B Kucuk Bicer BEP); Population and Work Ability Program (T Lallukka PhD), Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland (R Shiri PhD); Department of Community and Family Medicine (Prof F H Lami PhD), Assistant Professor of Epidemiology (Prof M Moradinazar PhD), Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq; HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA (Prof V C Lansingh PhD); Belo Horizonte City Hall, Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Prof S Lansky PhD); Relaciones Internacionales, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico (Prof V C Lansingh PhD); Department of Public Health (A Latifi PhD), Managerial Epidemiology Research Center (S Safiri PhD), Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia (Prof G Lebedev PhD, S K Vladimirov PhD); Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics (E Varavikova PhD) Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia (Prof G Lebedev PhD, Prof V I Starodubov DSc, S K Vladimirov PhD); School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (P H Lee PhD); Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, China (Prof Y Li PhD); National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China (Prof J Liang MD, Prof Y Wang MD); National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China, Chengdu, China (Prof J Liang MD, Prof Y Wang MD); Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (L Lim MD); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (L Lim MD); School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel (Prof S Linn DrPH); Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (Prof S Lorkowski PhD); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany (Prof S Lorkowski PhD); General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust (NHS), Liverpool, UK (R Lunevicius PhD); Surgery Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (R Lunevicius PhD); Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (Prof S Ma PhD), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Prof N Venketasubramanian MBBS), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurology Department (Prof M T Mackay PhD), Cardiology Department (Prof R G Weintraub MB), Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt (H Magdy Abd El Razek MD); Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt (M Magdy Abd El Razek MB); Department of Internal Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India (D P Maghavani MBBS); Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia (Prof M Majdan PhD); Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran (Prof R Malekzadeh MD, S G Sepanlou MD); Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania (A Manda MD); Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (Prof G Martinez PhD); Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil (F R Martins-Melo PhD); Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (Prof W März MD); Graduate School, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines (M B Marzan MSc); National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research (P Mathur PhD), Regional Medical Research Centre (S Pati MD), Indian Council of Medical Research, Bengaluru, India; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (M Mazidi PhD); Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, UK (C McAlinden PhD); Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK, USA (B J McMahon MD); Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Ipas Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal (S Mehata PhD); Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India (Prof M Mehndiratta MD); Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India (Prof R Mehrotra PhD); Department of Internal Medicine, Sevenhills Hospital, Mumbai, India (V Mehta MD); Department of Public Health (T C Mekonnen MPH), Department of Pharmacy (G Mengistu MSc), Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia (A Melese MSc); Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA (Prof P T N Memiah DrPH); Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru (W Mendoza MD); Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (G A Mensah MD); Neurocenter (Prof A Meretoja MD), Breast Surgery Unit (T J Meretoja MD), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zagreb, Croatia (Prof T Mestrovic PhD); University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia (Prof T Mestrovic PhD); Department of Pharmacy, Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Prof H B Mezgebe MSc); Department of Hypertension (Prof T Miazgowski MD), Zdroje Hospital (J Widecka PhD), Emergency Department (B Miazgowski MD), Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland (B Miazgowski MD); Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA (T R Miller PhD); Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, USA (M Mirarefin MPH); President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania (Prof A Mirica PhD); Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Prof E M Mirrakhimov MD); Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (Prof E M Mirrakhimov MD); Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany (B Moazen MSc); Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq (K A Mohammad PhD); Erbil, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq (K A Mohammad PhD); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (N Mohammadifard PhD, Prof N Sarrafzadegan MD); Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia (M A Mohammed PhD); Health Systems and Policy Research Unit (S Mohammed PhD), Department of Community Medicine (M B Sufiyan MD), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India (V Mohan DSc); Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy (L Monasta DSc, L Ronfani PhD); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof G Moradi PhD), Social Determinants of Health Research Center (Prof G Moradi PhD), Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P Moraga PhD); International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (Prof L Morawska PhD), Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (R Pacella PhD), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (Q G To PhD), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Santo Antonio Hospital, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal (J Morgado-Da-Costa MSc); 1st Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens, University of Athens, Athens, Greece (Prof M M Moschos PhD); Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (Prof M M Moschos PhD); Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area (A Werdecker PhD), Competence Center Mortality-follow-up (R Westerman PhD), Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany (Prof U O Mueller MD); Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany (Prof U O Mueller MD); Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India (Prof S Mukhopadhyay MD); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria (J Musa MD); Center for Global Health (J Musa MD), Department of Preventative Medicine (Prof Y Yano MD), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia (Prof K Musa PhD); Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan (Prof G Mustafa MD); Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan (Prof G Mustafa MD); Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (Prof J B Nachega PhD); Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany (Prof G Nagel PhD, Prof D Rothenbacher MD); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India (Prof S Nair MD); Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India (Prof S Nair MD); Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy (Prof L Naldi MD); Direction, GISED Study Center, Bergamo, Italy (Prof L Naldi MD); Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea (Prof H Nam PhD); Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea (Prof H Nam PhD); Ophthalmology, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India (V Nangia MD); Department of Public Heath (J Nansseu MD), Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (Prof E Sobngwi PhD), University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Nephrology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India (Prof G Natarajan BEP); Department of Cardiology, Cardio-aid, Bucharest, Romania (Prof R I Negoi PhD); Department of Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya (Prof C R J Newton MD); Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania (F N Ngalesoni PhD); Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya (J W Ngunjiri DrPH); Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam (A Q Nguyen PhD, H T Nguyen MSc, Prof H T Nguyen PhD); Public Health Science Department, State University of Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia (D N A Ningrum MPH); National Department of Health, South African Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa (N Nolutshungu MD); Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan (Prof S Nomura MSc); University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran (Prof M Noroozi PhD); Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea (Prof I Oh PhD); Department of HIV/AIDS, STIs & TB, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa (O Oladimeji MD); School of Public Health, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Namibia (O Oladimeji MD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria (A T Olagunju MD); Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria (B O Olusanya PhD, J O Olusanya MBA); Institute of Health Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei (S S Ong MBBS, FAMS); Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA (Prof E Oren PhD); School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (H M Orpana PhD); School of Medicine (Prof A Ortiz MD), Pneumology Service (Prof J B Soriano MD), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology and Hypertension Department, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (Prof A Ortiz MD); Center for Vaccine Development (Prof J R Ortiz MD), School of Medicine (Prof M T Wallin MD), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (S S Otstavnov PhD); Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia (S S Otstavnov PhD); Occupational Health and Safety Department, Karabuk University, Karabük, Turkey (Prof R Özdemir PhD); Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India (Prof M P A DNB); University of Chichester, Chichester, UK (R Pacella PhD); Department of Medicine, University of Ottowa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (S Pakhale MD); Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania (A Pana MD); Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea (Prof E Park PhD); Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA (S Patel MD); Clinical Research Department, Diabetes Research Society, Hyderabad, India (Prof V R Paturi MD); Clinical Research Department, Diabetomics, Portland, OR, USA (Prof V R Paturi MD); Cartagena University, Cartagena, Colombia (Prof D M Pereira PhD); Independent Consultant, Glenelg, SA, Australia (Prof K Pesudovs PhD); Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Prof M Petzold PhD); School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (Prof M Petzold PhD); Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Prof M R Phillips MD); Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa (Prof J D Pillay PhD); University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (Prof M J Postma PhD); Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India (S Prakash PhD, Prof N Prasad MD); Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M Qorbani PhD); Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Prof D Quistberg PhD); Medichem, Barcelona, Spain (A Radfar MD); Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan (A Rafay MS); Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India (R Rai MPH); Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (R Rai MPH); Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (S Rajsic MD); Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Nepal (C L Ranabhat PhD); University College London Hospitals, London, UK (D L Rawaf MD); Public Health England, London, UK (Prof S Rawaf PhD); Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof S Resnikoff MD); Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France (Prof S Resnikoff MD); Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Iran (S Riahi PhD); Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil (L Roever PhD); Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran (G Roshandel PhD); Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Ciudad De Tena, Ecuador (E Rubagotti PhD); Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (E Rubagotti PhD); Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Prof P S Sachdev MD); Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (Prof B Saddik PhD); Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Prof A Sahebkar PhD); College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (N Salam PhD); School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada (Prof P Salamati MD); Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (R D Saldanha MPH); Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Anarkali, Pakistan (Z Saleem PharmD); Clinical Research Division, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India (Prof S S Salvi MD); Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A M Samy PhD); Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA (Prof J Sanabria MD); Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA (Prof J Sanabria MD); Nephrology Group, Jimenez Diaz Foundation University Hospital Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain (M Sanchez-Niño PhD); Department of Public Health, Regional Health Administration Do Norte I P, Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal (J V Santos MD); Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia (Prof R Sarmiento-Suárez MPH); Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-natal, Durban, South Africa (Prof B Sartorius PhD); Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (B Sathian PhD); Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK (B Sathian PhD); UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India (Prof M Satpathy PhD); Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India (Prof M Satpathy PhD); Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA (M Sawhney PhD); School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil (Prof I J C Schneider PhD, Prof D A S Silva PhD); Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Prof A E Schutte PhD); Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (M Sekerija PhD); Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (M Sekerija PhD); Langone Medical Center (A Shafieesabet MD), Institute of Environmental Medicine (Prof G D Thurston DSc), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine (A A Shaheen PhD); Department of Laboratory Sciences (Prof M Sharif PhD), Department of Basic Sciences (Prof M Sharif PhD), Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran; University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India (Prof R Sharma PhD); Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan (M A Shaikh MD); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J She MD); Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Prof A Sheikh MSc, I N Soyiri PhD); Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA (P Shi PhD); National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M Shigematsu PhD); Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany (I Shiue PhD); School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof S Siabani PhD); Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland (Prof I D Sigfusdottir PhD, R Sigurvinsdottir PhD); Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (D H Silberberg MD); Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Lisbon, Portugal (N T D Silva MPsych); Brasília University, Brasília, Brazil (Prof D A Silveira MSc); Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India (Prof N P Singh MD); Department of Policy Studies, The Energy and Resources Institute School of Advanced Studies (TERI), New Delhi, India (P K Singh PhD); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India (Prof V Singh MD); Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India (D N Sinha PhD); Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Prof B H Sobaih MD); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon (Prof E Sobngwi PhD); The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA (Prof S S Soneji PhD); Service of Pulmonology, Health Research Institute of the University Hospital “de la Princesa”, Madrid, Spain (Prof J B Soriano MD); Clinical Neurological Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada (L A Sposato MD); Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Prof C T Sreeramareddy MD); Department of Occupational Therapy, Athens University of Applied Sciences, Athens, Greece (V Stathopoulou PhD); Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia (Prof A Sudaryanto MPH); School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA (P J Sur MPH); Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Prof B L Sykes PhD); Department of Medicine (Prof R Tabarés-Seisdedos PhD), Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology (Prof M Tortajada-Girbés PhD), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Prof R Tabarés-Seisdedos PhD); Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan (T Tabuchi MD); Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia (S K Tadakamadla PhD); Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof K Takahashi PhD); University Institute “Egas Moniz”, Monte Da Caparica, Portugal (Prof N Taveira PhD); Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (Prof N Taveira PhD); Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (A S Terkawi MD); Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Charlottesville, VA, USA (A S Terkawi MD); Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (Prof L Tudor Car PhD), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore (S Thirunavukkarasu PhD); Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan (Prof R Tobe-Gai PhD); Department Of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (Prof M Tonelli MD); Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland (R Topor-Madry PhD); Pediatric Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain (Prof M Tortajada-Girbés PhD); Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France (M Touvier PhD); Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam (Prof B X Tran PhD); Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam (K B Tran MD); King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India (S Tripathi MD); CV Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA (Prof E Tuzcu MD); Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Prof E Tuzcu MD); Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria (K N Ukwaja MSc); Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan (I Ullah PhD); TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan (I Ullah PhD); School of Government, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (E A Undurraga PhD); Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA (E A Undurraga PhD); Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey (S B Uzun MSc); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA (G Vaidya MD); President, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Prof P R Valdez MEd); Intensive Care Unit Staff, Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Prof P R Valdez M Ed); UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland (Prof T J Vasankari MD); Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore (Prof N Venketasubramanian MBBS); Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain (S Villafaina MSc); Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (Prof F S Violante MPH); Occupational Health Unit, Sant'orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (Prof F S Violante MPH); Department of Health Care Management and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia (Prof V Vlassov MD); Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (Prof Y Waheed PhD); Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA (Prof M T Wallin MD); Independent Consultant, Staufenberg, Germany (A Werdecker PhD); Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (Prof E Weiderpass PhD); Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A S Winkler PhD); Kailuan General Hospital, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China (Prof S Wu PhD); University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK (G M A Wyper MSc); Department of Pharmacology, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India (Prof D Xavier MD); School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Prof G Xu MD); Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran (S Yahyazadeh Jabbari MD); Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China (Prof L L Yan PhD); Department of Earth Science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (Y J Yasin MPH); Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia (A Yeshaneh BHlthSci); University of South Australia, Adelaide, NSW, Australia (B D Yirsaw PhD); Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Prof N Yonemoto MPH); School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng PhD); Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA (Prof M Z Younis DrPH); Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (Prof M Z Younis DrPH); Global Health Institute (Prof C Yu PhD), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Prof C Yu), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Prof V Zadnik PhD); Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria (Prof Z Zaidi PhD); Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA (K Zhang PhD); Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China (M Zhou PhD). Contributors Please see appendix 1 for more detailed information about individual authors' contributions to the research, divided into the following categories: managing the estimation process; writing the first draft of the manuscript; providing data or critical feedback on data sources; developing methods or computational machinery; applying analytical methods to produce estimates; providing critical feedback on methods or results; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; extracting, cleaning, or cataloguing data; designing or coding figures and tables; and managing the overall research enterprise. Declaration of interests Ettore Beghi reports personal fees from MA-Provider and grants from the Italian Ministry of Health, UCB-PHARMA, American ALS Association, EISAI, and Shire. Yannick Bejot reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim and personal fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Pfizer, Medtronic, Bayer, Novex pharma, and Merck Sharpe & Dohme (MSD). Adam Berman reports personal fees from Philips. Louisa Degenhardt reports grants from Indivior, Mundipharma, and Seqirus. Panniyammakal Jeemon reports a Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust–DBT India Alliance (2015–20). Jacek Jóźwiak reports a grant from Valeant, personal fees from Valeant, ALAB Laboratoria and Amgen, and non-financial support from Microlife and Servier. Nicholas Kassebaum reports personal fees and other support from Vifor Pharmaceuticals. Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi reports grants from NHS Research Scotland, the Medical Research Council, and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office. Jeffrey Lazarus reports personal fees from Janssen and CEPHEID and grants and personal fees from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, and MSD. Stefan Lorkowski reports personal fees from Amgen, Berlin-Chemie, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Synlab, Unilever, and non-financial support from Preventicus. Winfried März reports grants and personal fees from Siemens Diagnostics, Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Danone Research, Pfizer, BASF, Numares, and Berline-Chemie; personal fees from Hoffmann LaRoche, MSD, Sanofi, and Synageva; grants from Abbott Diagnostics; and other support from Synlab. Walter Mendoza is currently a Program Analyst for Population and Development at the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund. Ted Miller reports an evaluation contract from AB InBev Foundation. Frédéric Piel reports personal fees from Novartis. Postma Maarten reports grants from Mundipharma, Bayer, BMS, AstraZeneca, ARTEG, and AscA; grants and personal fees from Sigma Tau, MSD, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novavax, Ingress Health, AbbVie, and Sanofi; personal fees from Quintiles, Astellas, Mapi, OptumInsight, Novartis, Swedish Orphan, Innoval, Jansen, Intercept, and Pharmerit, and stock ownership in Ingress Health and Pharmacoeconomics Advice Groningen. Kazem Rahimi reports grants from the National Insitute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Economic and Social Research Council, and Oxford Martin School. Mark Shrime reports grants from Mercy Ships and Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. Jasvinder Singh reports consulting for Horizon, Fidia, UBM, Medscape, WebMD, the National Institutes of Health, and the American College of Rheumatology; they serve as the principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon pharmaceuticals through a grant to DINORA, a 501c3 entity; they are on the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms-length funding from 36 pharmaceutical companies. Jeffrey Stanaway reports a grant from Merck & Co. Cassandra Szoeke reports a grant from the National Medical Health Research Council, Lundbeck, Alzheimer's Association, and the Royal Australasian College of Practicioners; she holds patent PCT/AU2008/001556. Amanda Thrift reports grants from National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. Muthiah Vaduganathan receives research support from the NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and serves as a consultant for Bayer and Baxter Healthcare. Marcel Yotebieng reports grants from the US National Institutes of Health. All other authors declare no competing interests. To download the data used in these analyses, please visit the Global Health Data Exchange at http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd–2017 . Acknowledgments Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Melbourne, Public Health England, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845) , and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163) . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation. Collection of these data was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the US Government. The data reported here have been supplied by the US Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government.

Keywords

  • disease
  • disability-adjusted life
  • quality-adjusted life year
  • cause of death
  • controlled study
  • global disease burden

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