Foot Function Index for Arabic-speaking patients (FFI-Ar): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study

Shershah Khan; Suzanne Faulkner; Fahad S. Algarni; Abdulaziz Almalki; Ahmed Almansour; Abdulrahman M. Altowaijri

doi:10.1186/s13018-022-03092-7

Foot Function Index for Arabic-speaking patients (FFI-Ar): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study

Shershah Khan^*, Suzanne Faulkner, Fahad S. Algarni, Abdulaziz Almalki, Ahmed Almansour, Abdulrahman M. Altowaijri

^*Corresponding author for this work

Biomedical Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Citations (Scopus)

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Abstract

Background: Foot Function Index (FFI) is a valid and reliable outcome measure, which is widely used to measure the foot and ankle functional level and disorders. Until now, no validated Arabic version of the FFI is available. This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this project was to translate and adapt the FFI into Arabic and to evaluate its psychometric properties of validity and reliability. Methods: The study consisted of two phases. The first phase was the translation and cultural adaptation of the FFI to Arabic. The next phase involved, testing the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the FFI on a sample of 50 consecutive participants which included internal consistency, test–retest reliability, floor and ceiling effects and construct validity. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 38 ± 12.94 years. Both the genders were evenly enrolled with 50% of the participants as male and 50% as female. Majority of them complained of plantar fasciopathy (32%) followed by pes planus (22%) and ankle sprain (18%). The scores of FFI-Ar were normally distributed, confirmed by a significant Shapiro–Wilk test. The mean value of FFI-Ar total score was 47.73 ± 19.85. There were no floor or ceiling effects seen in any of the subscales and total score. The internal consistency was good with the Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.882, 0.936 and 0.850 for the pain, disability and activity limitation subscales, respectively. The reproducibility of the FFI-Ar was analysed by intra-class correlation coefficient which revealed good to excellent test–retest reliability. A significant correlation was found between FFI-Ar and SF-36 and numeric rating scale (NRS) confirming its construct validity. Conclusion: The FFI-Arabic version showed good validity and reliability in patients with foot and ankle problems. This tool can be used in usual practice and research for analysing foot and ankle disorders in Arabic-speaking people.

Original language	English
Article number	212
Number of pages	9
Journal	Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
Volume	17
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03092-7
Publication status	Published - 7 Apr 2022

Funding

AMA, AA and SK extend their appreciation to the Medical Rehabilitation Department at King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for logistically supporting the research project through allowing the use of materials, infrastructure and man power. AFS extends his appreciation to the College of Applied Medical Sciences Research Centre and the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Riyadh, for funding this research. AMA extends his appreciation to Department of Physical?Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia. SF expresses sincere gratitude to the University Ethics Committee of University of Strathclyde for allowing the ethical approval for the current study. The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research and RSSU at King Saud University for their technical support and Dr Elly Budiman-Mak for her permission and approval to translate and cross-cultural adaptation of the original Foot Function Index. AMA, AA and SK extend their appreciation to the Medical Rehabilitation Department at King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for logistically supporting the research project through allowing the use of materials, infrastructure and man power. AFS extends his appreciation to the College of Applied Medical Sciences Research Centre and the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Riyadh, for funding this research. AMA extends his appreciation to Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia. SF expresses sincere gratitude to the University Ethics Committee of University of Strathclyde for allowing the ethical approval for the current study. The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research and RSSU at King Saud University for their technical support and Dr Elly Budiman-Mak for her permission and approval to translate and cross-cultural adaptation of the original Foot Function Index.

Keywords

FFI
Foot Function Index
outcome assessment
translation and validation

Access to Document

10.1186/s13018-022-03092-7Licence: CC BY 4.0

Khan-etal-JOSR-2022-Foot-Function-Index-for-Arabic-speaking-patientsFinal published version, 0.98 MBLicence: CC BY 4.0

Cite this

@article{3a04ba6cca5b401aa72dd3dee780269a,

title = "Foot Function Index for Arabic-speaking patients (FFI-Ar): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study",

abstract = "Background: Foot Function Index (FFI) is a valid and reliable outcome measure, which is widely used to measure the foot and ankle functional level and disorders. Until now, no validated Arabic version of the FFI is available. This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this project was to translate and adapt the FFI into Arabic and to evaluate its psychometric properties of validity and reliability. Methods: The study consisted of two phases. The first phase was the translation and cultural adaptation of the FFI to Arabic. The next phase involved, testing the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the FFI on a sample of 50 consecutive participants which included internal consistency, test–retest reliability, floor and ceiling effects and construct validity. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 38 ± 12.94 years. Both the genders were evenly enrolled with 50% of the participants as male and 50% as female. Majority of them complained of plantar fasciopathy (32%) followed by pes planus (22%) and ankle sprain (18%). The scores of FFI-Ar were normally distributed, confirmed by a significant Shapiro–Wilk test. The mean value of FFI-Ar total score was 47.73 ± 19.85. There were no floor or ceiling effects seen in any of the subscales and total score. The internal consistency was good with the Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha value of 0.882, 0.936 and 0.850 for the pain, disability and activity limitation subscales, respectively. The reproducibility of the FFI-Ar was analysed by intra-class correlation coefficient which revealed good to excellent test–retest reliability. A significant correlation was found between FFI-Ar and SF-36 and numeric rating scale (NRS) confirming its construct validity. Conclusion: The FFI-Arabic version showed good validity and reliability in patients with foot and ankle problems. This tool can be used in usual practice and research for analysing foot and ankle disorders in Arabic-speaking people.",

keywords = "FFI, Foot Function Index, outcome assessment, translation and validation",

author = "Shershah Khan and Suzanne Faulkner and Algarni, {Fahad S.} and Abdulaziz Almalki and Ahmed Almansour and Altowaijri, {Abdulrahman M.}",

year = "2022",

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language = "English",

volume = "17",

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T1 - Foot Function Index for Arabic-speaking patients (FFI-Ar)

T2 - translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study

AU - Khan, Shershah

AU - Faulkner, Suzanne

AU - Algarni, Fahad S.

AU - Almalki, Abdulaziz

AU - Almansour, Ahmed

AU - Altowaijri, Abdulrahman M.

PY - 2022/4/7

Y1 - 2022/4/7

N2 - Background: Foot Function Index (FFI) is a valid and reliable outcome measure, which is widely used to measure the foot and ankle functional level and disorders. Until now, no validated Arabic version of the FFI is available. This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this project was to translate and adapt the FFI into Arabic and to evaluate its psychometric properties of validity and reliability. Methods: The study consisted of two phases. The first phase was the translation and cultural adaptation of the FFI to Arabic. The next phase involved, testing the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the FFI on a sample of 50 consecutive participants which included internal consistency, test–retest reliability, floor and ceiling effects and construct validity. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 38 ± 12.94 years. Both the genders were evenly enrolled with 50% of the participants as male and 50% as female. Majority of them complained of plantar fasciopathy (32%) followed by pes planus (22%) and ankle sprain (18%). The scores of FFI-Ar were normally distributed, confirmed by a significant Shapiro–Wilk test. The mean value of FFI-Ar total score was 47.73 ± 19.85. There were no floor or ceiling effects seen in any of the subscales and total score. The internal consistency was good with the Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.882, 0.936 and 0.850 for the pain, disability and activity limitation subscales, respectively. The reproducibility of the FFI-Ar was analysed by intra-class correlation coefficient which revealed good to excellent test–retest reliability. A significant correlation was found between FFI-Ar and SF-36 and numeric rating scale (NRS) confirming its construct validity. Conclusion: The FFI-Arabic version showed good validity and reliability in patients with foot and ankle problems. This tool can be used in usual practice and research for analysing foot and ankle disorders in Arabic-speaking people.

AB - Background: Foot Function Index (FFI) is a valid and reliable outcome measure, which is widely used to measure the foot and ankle functional level and disorders. Until now, no validated Arabic version of the FFI is available. This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this project was to translate and adapt the FFI into Arabic and to evaluate its psychometric properties of validity and reliability. Methods: The study consisted of two phases. The first phase was the translation and cultural adaptation of the FFI to Arabic. The next phase involved, testing the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the FFI on a sample of 50 consecutive participants which included internal consistency, test–retest reliability, floor and ceiling effects and construct validity. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 38 ± 12.94 years. Both the genders were evenly enrolled with 50% of the participants as male and 50% as female. Majority of them complained of plantar fasciopathy (32%) followed by pes planus (22%) and ankle sprain (18%). The scores of FFI-Ar were normally distributed, confirmed by a significant Shapiro–Wilk test. The mean value of FFI-Ar total score was 47.73 ± 19.85. There were no floor or ceiling effects seen in any of the subscales and total score. The internal consistency was good with the Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.882, 0.936 and 0.850 for the pain, disability and activity limitation subscales, respectively. The reproducibility of the FFI-Ar was analysed by intra-class correlation coefficient which revealed good to excellent test–retest reliability. A significant correlation was found between FFI-Ar and SF-36 and numeric rating scale (NRS) confirming its construct validity. Conclusion: The FFI-Arabic version showed good validity and reliability in patients with foot and ankle problems. This tool can be used in usual practice and research for analysing foot and ankle disorders in Arabic-speaking people.

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KW - outcome assessment

KW - translation and validation

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U2 - 10.1186/s13018-022-03092-7

DO - 10.1186/s13018-022-03092-7

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85127944650

SN - 1749-799X

VL - 17

JO - Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

JF - Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

M1 - 212

ER -

Foot Function Index for Arabic-speaking patients (FFI-Ar): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study

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Foot Function Index for Arabic-speaking patients (FFI-Ar): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study

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