Abstract
Background: Improved understanding of how US service members transition from chronic/baseline to acute suicide risk is warranted. One such model, the Integrated Motivational Volitional Model of Suicide, posits entrapment as central to this process. However, entrapment has not been extensively investigated within military populations. Methods: This study examines the factor structure, reliability, and predictive validity of the Entrapment Scale (E-Scale) within a military population. Exploratory structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis compared one- versus two-factor structures of the E-Scale. Autoregressive SEM assessed if E-Scale scores predicted suicidal ideation and suicide attempt likelihood at 6- and 12-month follow-up, and examined whether the impact of entrapment was moderated by social support (i.e., appraisal, tangible, and belonging). Results: Results favored a two-factor solution (external and internal) of entrapment. The relationship between entrapment and suicide outcomes was moderated by perceived social support but in unexpected directions. Unexpectedly, social support strengthened the relationship between external entrapment and suicide outcomes for most models. Only tangible support moderated the relationship between internal entrapment (IE) and suicide outcomes as predicted. Conclusions: IE is linked with suicidal ideation in the short-term, whereas external entrapments relationship with suicide outcomes may reflect more persistent social challenges for military members.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1006-1028 |
| Number of pages | 23 |
| Journal | Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |
| Volume | 54 |
| Issue number | 6 |
| Early online date | 13 Aug 2024 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Dec 2024 |
Funding
Cynthia J. Thomsen is an employee of the U.S. Government. This work was prepared as part of her official duties. Title 17, U.S.C. \u00A7105 provides that copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the U.S. Government. Title 17, U.S.C. \u00A7101 defines a U.S. Government work as work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person's official duties. Report No. 23\u201384 was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, through the Defense Medical Research and Development Program, under Award No. W81XWH-14-1-0272 (PI: CJB) and the Defense Health Agency under work unit no. N1426 (CJT). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. The study protocol was approved by the Naval Health Research Center Institutional Review Board in compliance with all applicable Federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects. Research data were derived from an approved Naval Health Research Institute Institutional Review Board protocol, number NHRC.2014.0046. Cynthia J. Thomsen is an employee of the U.S. Government. This work was prepared as part of her official duties. Title 17, U.S.C. \u00A7105 provides that copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the U.S. Government. Title 17, U.S.C. \u00A7101 defines a U.S. Government work as work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person's official duties. Report No. 23\u201384 was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, through the Defense Medical Research and Development Program, under Award No. W81XWH\u201014\u20101\u20100272 (PI: CJB) and the Defense Health Agency under work unit no. N1426 (CJT). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. The study protocol was approved by the Naval Health Research Center Institutional Review Board in compliance with all applicable Federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects. Research data were derived from an approved Naval Health Research Institute Institutional Review Board protocol, number NHRC.2014.0046.
Keywords
- entrapment
- suicide
- military
- factor analysis
- social support
