Compound weather and climate events in 2025

Colin Raymond; Ivonne M. García-Martínez; Cassandra D.W. Rogers; Yang Chen; Weiqing Han; Renata Libonati; Nicholas P. Simpson; Christopher J. White; Jokob Zscheischler

doi:10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9

Compound weather and climate events in 2025

Colin Raymond^*
, Ivonne M. García-Martínez
, Cassandra D.W. Rogers
, Yang Chen
, Weiqing Han
, Renata Libonati
, Nicholas P. Simpson
, Christopher J. White
, Jokob Zscheischler

^*Corresponding author for this work

Civil And Environmental Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

The spatio-temporal layering of weather and climate events produces impacts often greater than those associated with individual hazards. Such compounding interactions have contributed to some of the most high-impact disasters so far this century, partly owing to ever-increasing temperatures and an intensified hydrological cycle. In 2025, multiple compound events affected built and natural systems, with both commonalities and differences relative to high-impact compound events of 2024. Compound-event typologies include nonlinearly interacting combinations of events across space (spatial compounding) and across time (temporal compounding); events contingent on a pre-existing Earth-system state (preconditioning); and events with multiple co-occurring hazards or drivers (multivariate interactions) (Fig. 1). We also note compound events with cross-cutting typologies, which fundamentally combined aspects of two or more of the above typologies. Here, we present a selection of well-documented, high-impact compound events in 2025.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	340-342
Number of pages	3
Journal	Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
Volume	7
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9
Publication status	Published - 3 Jun 2026

Funding

Y.C. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42375041). I.M.G.M. acknowledges the support of SECIHTI through Project CBF-2025-I-1037. R.L. acknowledges the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Cnpq - grants 443285/2023-3 and 3083145/2025-5) and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ grant E-26/200.424/2026). C.D.W.R. is supported by funding from the Australian Climate Service. N.P.S. received support through Schmidt Sciences. C.J.W. acknowledges the COST Action ANTICIPATE: extended-range multi-hazard predictions and early warnings (CA24144), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 13 Climate Action

Keywords

climate change
compound weather events
climate events

Access to Document

10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9

Raymond-etal-NREE-2026-Compound-weather-and-climate-events-in-2025Accepted author manuscript, 316 KBLicence: CC BY 4.0

Cite this

@article{fd9670920ab247028cd296bc3050f79c,

title = "Compound weather and climate events in 2025",

abstract = "The spatio-temporal layering of weather and climate events produces impacts often greater than those associated with individual hazards. Such compounding interactions have contributed to some of the most high-impact disasters so far this century, partly owing to ever-increasing temperatures and an intensified hydrological cycle. In 2025, multiple compound events affected built and natural systems, with both commonalities and differences relative to high-impact compound events of 2024. Compound-event typologies include nonlinearly interacting combinations of events across space (spatial compounding) and across time (temporal compounding); events contingent on a pre-existing Earth-system state (preconditioning); and events with multiple co-occurring hazards or drivers (multivariate interactions) (Fig. 1). We also note compound events with cross-cutting typologies, which fundamentally combined aspects of two or more of the above typologies. Here, we present a selection of well-documented, high-impact compound events in 2025.",

keywords = "climate change, compound weather events, climate events",

author = "Colin Raymond and Garc{\'i}a-Mart{\'i}nez, \{Ivonne M.\} and Rogers, \{Cassandra D.W.\} and Yang Chen and Weiqing Han and Renata Libonati and Simpson, \{Nicholas P.\} and White, \{Christopher J.\} and Jokob Zscheischler",

year = "2026",

month = jun,

day = "3",

doi = "10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9",

language = "English",

volume = "7",

pages = "340--342",

number = "6",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Compound weather and climate events in 2025

AU - Raymond, Colin

AU - García-Martínez, Ivonne M.

AU - Rogers, Cassandra D.W.

AU - Chen, Yang

AU - Han, Weiqing

AU - Libonati, Renata

AU - Simpson, Nicholas P.

AU - White, Christopher J.

AU - Zscheischler, Jokob

PY - 2026/6/3

Y1 - 2026/6/3

N2 - The spatio-temporal layering of weather and climate events produces impacts often greater than those associated with individual hazards. Such compounding interactions have contributed to some of the most high-impact disasters so far this century, partly owing to ever-increasing temperatures and an intensified hydrological cycle. In 2025, multiple compound events affected built and natural systems, with both commonalities and differences relative to high-impact compound events of 2024. Compound-event typologies include nonlinearly interacting combinations of events across space (spatial compounding) and across time (temporal compounding); events contingent on a pre-existing Earth-system state (preconditioning); and events with multiple co-occurring hazards or drivers (multivariate interactions) (Fig. 1). We also note compound events with cross-cutting typologies, which fundamentally combined aspects of two or more of the above typologies. Here, we present a selection of well-documented, high-impact compound events in 2025.

AB - The spatio-temporal layering of weather and climate events produces impacts often greater than those associated with individual hazards. Such compounding interactions have contributed to some of the most high-impact disasters so far this century, partly owing to ever-increasing temperatures and an intensified hydrological cycle. In 2025, multiple compound events affected built and natural systems, with both commonalities and differences relative to high-impact compound events of 2024. Compound-event typologies include nonlinearly interacting combinations of events across space (spatial compounding) and across time (temporal compounding); events contingent on a pre-existing Earth-system state (preconditioning); and events with multiple co-occurring hazards or drivers (multivariate interactions) (Fig. 1). We also note compound events with cross-cutting typologies, which fundamentally combined aspects of two or more of the above typologies. Here, we present a selection of well-documented, high-impact compound events in 2025.

KW - climate change

KW - compound weather events

KW - climate events

UR - https://doi.org/10.17868/strath.00096842

U2 - 10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9

DO - 10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9

M3 - Article

SN - 2662-138X

VL - 7

SP - 340

EP - 342

JO - Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

JF - Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

IS - 6

ER -

Compound weather and climate events in 2025

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this